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Belief Affirming in Learning Processes

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  • Monderer, Dov
  • Samet, Dov
  • Sela, Aner

Abstract

A learning process is belief affirming if for each player, the difference between her expected payoff in the next period, and the average of her past payoffs converges to zero. We show that every smooth discrete fictitious play and every continuous fictitious play is belief affirming. We also provide conditions under which general averaging processes are belief affirming.
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Suggested Citation

  • Monderer, Dov & Samet, Dov & Sela, Aner, 1997. "Belief Affirming in Learning Processes," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 73(2), pages 438-452, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jetheo:v:73:y:1997:i:2:p:438-452
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Roth, Alvin E. & Erev, Ido, 1995. "Learning in extensive-form games: Experimental data and simple dynamic models in the intermediate term," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 8(1), pages 164-212.
    2. Vijay Krishna & Tomas Sjöström, 1998. "On the Convergence of Fictitious Play," Mathematics of Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 23(2), pages 479-511, May.
    3. Monderer, Dov & Shapley, Lloyd S., 1996. "Fictitious Play Property for Games with Identical Interests," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 258-265, January.
    4. Fudenberg Drew & Kreps David M., 1993. "Learning Mixed Equilibria," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 320-367, July.
    5. Thorlund-Petersen, Lars, 1990. "Iterative computation of cournot equilibrium," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 2(1), pages 61-75, March.
    6. Monderer, Dov & Sela, Aner, 1996. "A2 x 2Game without the Fictitious Play Property," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 144-148, May.
    7. Milgrom, Paul & Roberts, John, 1991. "Adaptive and sophisticated learning in normal form games," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 3(1), pages 82-100, February.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Fudenberg, Drew & Levine, David, 1998. "Learning in games," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 42(3-5), pages 631-639, May.
    2. Kalai, Ehud & Lehrer, Ehud & Smorodinsky, Rann, 1999. "Calibrated Forecasting and Merging," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 29(1-2), pages 151-169, October.
    3. Vijay Krishna & Tomas Sjöström, 1998. "On the Convergence of Fictitious Play," Mathematics of Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 23(2), pages 479-511, May.
    4. Fudenberg, Drew & Levine, David K., 1995. "Consistency and cautious fictitious play," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 19(5-7), pages 1065-1089.
    5. Ewerhart, Christian & Valkanova, Kremena, 2020. "Fictitious play in networks," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 182-206.
    6. José Pedro Gaivão & Telmo Peixe, 2019. "Periodic attractor in the discrete time best-response dynamics of the rock-paper-scissors game," Working Papers REM 2019/0108, ISEG - Lisbon School of Economics and Management, REM, Universidade de Lisboa.
    7. Sela, Aner, 2000. "Fictitious Play in 2 x 3 Games," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 152-162, April.
    8. Ulrich Berger, 2004. "Two More Classes of Games with the Fictitious Play Property," Game Theory and Information 0408003, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Berger, Ulrich, 2008. "Learning in games with strategic complementarities revisited," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 143(1), pages 292-301, November.
    10. Viossat, Yannick & Zapechelnyuk, Andriy, 2013. "No-regret dynamics and fictitious play," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 148(2), pages 825-842.
    11. Phillip Johnson & David K Levine & Wolfgang Pesendorfer, 1998. "Evolution and Information in a Prisoner's Dilemma Game," Levine's Working Paper Archive 2138, David K. Levine.
    12. Sergiu Hart & Andreu Mas-Colell, 2013. "A General Class Of Adaptive Strategies," World Scientific Book Chapters, in: Simple Adaptive Strategies From Regret-Matching to Uncoupled Dynamics, chapter 3, pages 47-76, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd..
    13. Jos'e Pedro Gaiv~ao & Telmo Peixe, 2019. "Periodic attractor in the discrete time best-response dynamics of the Rock-Paper-Scissors game," Papers 1912.06831, arXiv.org.
    14. Driesen, B.W.I., 2009. "Continuous fictitious play in zero-sum games," Research Memorandum 049, Maastricht University, Maastricht Research School of Economics of Technology and Organization (METEOR).
    15. José Pedro Gaivão & Telmo Peixe, 2021. "Periodic Attractor in the Discrete Time Best-Response Dynamics of the Rock-Paper-Scissors Game," Dynamic Games and Applications, Springer, vol. 11(3), pages 491-511, September.
    16. Drew Fudenberg & David K Levine, 2016. "Whither Game Theory?," Levine's Working Paper Archive 786969000000001307, David K. Levine.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • C7 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
    • D8 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

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