IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v151y2025ics0140988325008059.html

Artificial intelligence, cloud computing, blockchain, and the energy market in the era of energy transition

Author

Listed:
  • Wang, Kai-Hua
  • Jiang, Xin-Yu
  • Tang, Yun

Abstract

This study explores the spillover effects between artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing (CC), blockchain (BC), and eight traditional and renewable energies using cross-quantilogram and quantile time–frequency connectedness approaches. The findings reveal a distinct inverse relationship between the lowest energy return quantile and the highest digital technology quantile. We also find that spillovers change over time, frequency, and quantile levels with hydrogen energy remaining a primary risk transmitter and crude oil as a receiver. Additionally, while digital technologies may impose short-term negative shocks on the energy market, their influence on hedging risks and stabilization is more prominent in comparison. Furthermore, the dependence between AI, CC, BC, and energy indices was insignificant before the COVID-19 pandemic but increased significantly afterward. This analysis is based on high-frequency data from Wind. This study extends the literature by constructing a comprehensive spillover network integrating digital technologies and energy markets. In addition, we conduct a dynamic analysis of asymmetric spillovers across short- and long-term time horizons, while also emphasizing the hedging and stabilizing functions of digital technology within energy markets. Our findings provide actionable insights for promoting digital transformation and strengthening international cooperation.

Suggested Citation

  • Wang, Kai-Hua & Jiang, Xin-Yu & Tang, Yun, 2025. "Artificial intelligence, cloud computing, blockchain, and the energy market in the era of energy transition," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:151:y:2025:i:c:s0140988325008059
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108975
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988325008059
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108975?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Alessi, Lucia & Battiston, Stefano & Kvedaras, Virmantas, 2024. "Over with carbon? Investors’ reaction to the Paris Agreement and the US withdrawal," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    2. Wang, Xueyang & Sun, Xiumei & Ahmad, Mahmood & Chen, Jiawei, 2024. "Energy transition, ecological governance, globalization, and environmental sustainability: Insights from the top ten emitting countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    3. Hu, Fanshuai & Zhou, Dequn & Zhu, Qingyuan & Wang, Qunwei, 2024. "How dynamic renewable portfolio standards affect trading behavior of power generators? Considering green certificate and reward/penalty mechanism," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 375(C).
    4. Ancillai, Chiara & Sabatini, Andrea & Gatti, Marco & Perna, Andrea, 2023. "Digital technology and business model innovation: A systematic literature review and future research agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    5. Chien-Chiang Lee & Zhi-Wen He & Huwei Wen, 2024. "The impact of digitalization on green economic efficiency: Empirical evidence from city-level panel data in China," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(1), pages 23-46, February.
    6. Su, Chi Wei & Liu, Fangying & Stefea, Petru & Umar, Muhammad, 2023. "Does technology innovation help to achieve carbon neutrality?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1-14.
    7. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Yahya, Farzan, 2024. "Mitigating energy instability: The influence of trilemma choices, financial development, and technology advancements," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    8. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Trabelsi, Nader & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Nasreen, Samia & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2023. "An empirical analysis of the dynamic relationship between clean and dirty energy markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    9. Su, Chi-Wei & Pang, Li-Dong & Qin, Meng & Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona & Umar, Muhammad, 2023. "The spillover effects among fossil fuel, renewables and carbon markets: Evidence under the dual dilemma of climate change and energy crises," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    10. Qiang Wang & Chen Zhang & Rongrong Li, 2025. "Does renewable energy consumption improve carbon efficiency? Evidence from 116 countries," Energy & Environment, , vol. 36(2), pages 807-828, March.
    11. Liu, Min & Liu, Hong-Fei & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2024. "An empirical study on the response of the energy market to the shock from the artificial intelligence industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    12. Xu, Guangyue & Yang, Mengge & Li, Shuang & Jiang, Mingqi & Rehman, Hafizur, 2024. "Evaluating the effect of renewable energy investment on renewable energy development in China with panel threshold model," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    13. Lv Chen & Lingying Pan & Kaige Zhang, 2024. "The Dynamic Cointegration Relationship between International Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Price," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-14, June.
    14. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Olasehinde-Williams, Godwin & Özkan, Oktay, 2024. "Is geopolitical oil price uncertainty forcing the world to use energy more efficiently? Evidence from advanced statistical methods," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 908-919.
    15. Bampaou, M. & Panopoulos, K.D., 2025. "An overview of hydrogen valleys: Current status, challenges and their role in increased renewable energy penetration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    16. Pedro Azevedo & Jorge Gomes & Mário Romão, 2023. "Supply chain traceability using blockchain," Operations Management Research, Springer, vol. 16(3), pages 1359-1381, September.
    17. Xu, Yan & Liu, Tianli & Du, Pei, 2024. "Volatility forecasting of crude oil futures based on Bi-LSTM-Attention model: The dynamic role of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    18. Ameni Boumaiza, 2024. "A Blockchain-Based Scalability Solution with Microgrids Peer-to-Peer Trade," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-18, February.
    19. Liu, Wei-Jen & Chiu, Wei-Yu & Hua, Weiqi, 2024. "Blockchain-enabled renewable energy certificate trading: A secure and privacy-preserving approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    20. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Fang, Yuzhu & Quan, Shiyun & Li, Xinghao, 2024. "Leveraging the power of artificial intelligence toward the energy transition: The key role of the digital economy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    21. Patonia, Aliaksei, 2025. "Green hydrogen and its unspoken challenges for energy justice," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PC).
    22. Andy May & Marcel Crok, 2025. "Carbon dioxide and a warming climate are not problems," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 84(1), pages 43-57, January.
    23. Su, Chi Wei & Shao, Xuefeng & Jia, Zhijie & Nepal, Rabindra & Umar, Muhammad & Qin, Meng, 2023. "The rise of green energy metal: Could lithium threaten the status of oil?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    24. Han, Heejoon & Linton, Oliver & Oka, Tatsushi & Whang, Yoon-Jae, 2016. "The cross-quantilogram: Measuring quantile dependence and testing directional predictability between time series," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 193(1), pages 251-270.
    25. Syuhada, Khreshna & Hakim, Arief & Suprijanto, Djoko, 2024. "Assessing systemic risk and connectedness among dirty and clean energy markets from the quantile and expectile perspectives," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    26. Guo, Yanfeng & Zhao, Huanyu, 2024. "Volatility spillovers between oil and coal prices and its implications for energy portfolio management in China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(PB), pages 446-457.
    27. Marianna Lezzi & Vito Del Vecchio & Mariangela Lazoi, 2024. "Using Blockchain Technology for Sustainability and Secure Data Management in the Energy Industry: Implications and Future Research Directions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-22, September.
    28. Zhao, Lihong & Yuan, Huiai, 2024. "Digital transformation and the herd effect of corporate green investment," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    29. Zhang, Xiaojing & Khan, Khalid & Shao, Xuefeng & Oprean-Stan, Camelia & Zhang, Qian, 2024. "The rising role of artificial intelligence in renewable energy development in China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    30. Wang, Kai-Hua & Wen, Cui-Ping & Long, Hai & Moldovan, Nicoleta-Claudia, 2024. "Towards sustainable development: Exploring the spillover effects of green technology innovation on energy markets and economic cycles," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    31. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Song, Hepeng & An, Jiafu, 2024. "The impact of green finance on energy transition: Does climate risk matter?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(C).
    32. Song, Malin & Pan, Heting & Shen, Zhiyang & Tamayo-Verleene, Kristine, 2024. "Assessing the influence of artificial intelligence on the energy efficiency for sustainable ecological products value," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    33. Wang, Shuang & Tian, Guixian, 2025. "Does renewable energy consumption reduce the energy security risk?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    34. Felipe Condon & Patricia Franco & José M. Martínez & Ali M. Eltamaly & Young-Chon Kim & Mohamed A. Ahmed, 2023. "EnergyAuction: IoT-Blockchain Architecture for Local Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in a Microgrid," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-28, September.
    35. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Wang, Chih-Wei & Purnama, Muhammad Yusuf Indra & Sharma, Susan Sunila, 2024. "Digitalization and firms' debt maturity: Do financial constraints and uncertainty matter?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    36. Ignat Kulkov & Julia Kulkova & Rene Rohrbeck & Loick Menvielle & Valtteri Kaartemo & Hannu Makkonen, 2024. "Artificial intelligence ‐ driven sustainable development: Examining organizational, technical, and processing approaches to achieving global goals," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(3), pages 2253-2267, June.
    37. Chao Ding & Jing Ke & Mark Levine & Jessica Granderson & Nan Zhou, 2024. "Potential of artificial intelligence in reducing energy and carbon emissions of commercial buildings at scale," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-9, December.
    38. Wang, Jieyu & Shan, Yuli & Cui, Can & Zhao, Congyu & Meng, Jing & Wang, Shaojian, 2024. "Investigating the fast energy-related carbon emissions growth in African countries and its drivers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    39. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Xuan, Chengnan & Wang, Fuhao & Wang, Keying, 2024. "Path analysis of green finance on energy transition under climate change," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    40. Wang, Kai-Hua & Wen, Cui-Ping & Xu, Bao-Chang & Li, Xin, 2024. "Receiver or transmitter? Unlocking the role of green technology innovation in sustainable development, energy, and carbon markets," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    41. Laszlo Szabo & Magda Moner- Girona & Arnulf Jäger-Waldau & Ioannis Kougias & Andras Mezosi & Fernando Fahl & Sandor Szabo, 2024. "Impacts of large-scale deployment of vertical bifacial photovoltaics on European electricity market dynamics," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-16, December.
    42. Mohamad Issa & Adrian Ilinca & Daniel R. Rousse & Loïc Boulon & Philippe Groleau, 2023. "Renewable Energy and Decarbonization in the Canadian Mining Industry: Opportunities and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-22, October.
    43. Spyridon Daousis & Nikolaos Peladarinos & Vasileios Cheimaras & Panagiotis Papageorgas & Dimitrios D. Piromalis & Radu Adrian Munteanu, 2024. "Overview of Protocols and Standards for Wireless Sensor Networks in Critical Infrastructures," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-27, January.
    44. Hosseini Dehshiri, Seyyed Jalaladdin & Amiri, Maghsoud & Hosseini Bamakan, Seyed Mojtaba, 2024. "Evaluating the blockchain technology strategies for reducing renewable energy development risks using a novel integrated decision framework," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    45. Bożena Gajdzik & Radosław Wolniak & Rafał Nagaj & Brigita Žuromskaitė-Nagaj & Wieslaw Wes Grebski, 2024. "The Influence of the Global Energy Crisis on Energy Efficiency: A Comprehensive Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-51, February.
    46. Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Rao, Amar & Sharma, Gagan Deep & Dev, Dhairya & Kharbanda, Aeshna, 2024. "Empowering energy transition: Green innovation, digital finance, and the path to sustainable prosperity through green finance initiatives," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    47. Liu, Zhenhua & Chen, Shumin & Zhong, Hongyu & Ding, Zhihua, 2024. "Coal price shocks, investor sentiment, and stock market returns," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    48. Matteo Vaccargiu & Andrea Pinna & Roberto Tonelli & Luisanna Cocco, 2023. "Blockchain in the Energy Sector for SDG Achievement," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-23, October.
    49. Sulman Shahzad & Elżbieta Jasińska, 2024. "Renewable Revolution: A Review of Strategic Flexibility in Future Power Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-24, June.
    50. Weilong Wang & Jianlong Wang & Haitao Wu, 2024. "Assessing the potential of energy transition policy in driving renewable energy technology innovation: evidence from new energy demonstration city pilots in China," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(5), pages 1-37, October.
    51. Vladimir Franki & Darin Majnarić & Alfredo Višković, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Companies in the Power Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-35, January.
    52. Zhang, Qiang & Du, Debin & Xia, Qifan & Ding, Junfeng, 2024. "Revealing the energy pyramid: Global energy dependence network and national status based on industry chain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 367(C).
    53. M. Usman Saleem & Mustafa Shakir & M. Rehan Usman & M. Hamza Tahir Bajwa & Noman Shabbir & Payam Shams Ghahfarokhi & Kamran Daniel, 2023. "Integrating Smart Energy Management System with Internet of Things and Cloud Computing for Efficient Demand Side Management in Smart Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-21, June.
    54. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Yan, Jingyang, 2024. "Will artificial intelligence make energy cleaner? Evidence of nonlinearity," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 363(C).
    55. Jingxiu Qin & Weili Duan & Shan Zou & Yaning Chen & Wenjing Huang & Lorenzo Rosa, 2024. "Global energy use and carbon emissions from irrigated agriculture," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-12, December.
    56. Niu, Hongli & Hu, Wenwen, 2024. "Static and dynamic interdependencies among natural gas, stocks of global major economies and uncertainty," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    57. Jiahao Shen & Lanre Ibrahim Ridwan & Lukman Raimi & Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh Al-Faryan, 2025. "Recent developments in green hydrogen–environmental sustainability nexus amidst energy efficiency, green finance, eco-innovation, and digitalization in top hydrogen-consuming economies," Energy & Environment, , vol. 36(1), pages 255-290, February.
    58. Aili, Ablimit & Long, Wenjun & Cao, Zhiwei & Wen, Yonggang, 2024. "Radiative free cooling for energy and water saving in data centers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 359(C).
    59. Jiyong Park & Kunsoo Han & Byungtae Lee, 2023. "Green Cloud? An Empirical Analysis of Cloud Computing and Energy Efficiency," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 69(3), pages 1639-1664, March.
    60. Eissa, Mohamed Abdelaziz & Al Refai, Hisham & Chortareas, Georgios, 2024. "Heterogeneous impacts of geopolitical risk factors on stock markets in the Middle East: A quantile regression analysis across four emerging economies," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 30(C).
    61. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Wang, Tianhui, 2024. "The impact of renewable energy policies on the energy transition -– An empirical analysis of Chinese cities," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    62. Kingsley Ukoba & Kehinde O. Olatunji & Eyitayo Adeoye & Tien-Chien Jen & Daniel M. Madyira, 2024. "Optimizing renewable energy systems through artificial intelligence: Review and future prospects," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(7), pages 3833-3879, November.
    63. Dong, Feng & Li, Zhicheng & Huang, Zihuang & Liu, Yu, 2024. "Extreme weather, policy uncertainty, and risk spillovers between energy, financial, and carbon markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Kai-Hua & Li, Shu-Mei & Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona & Moldovan, Nicoleta-Claudia, 2025. "Is Green innovation the “Golden Ticket” in achieving energy security and sustainable development?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 297-314.
    2. Zhang, Wenwen & Fu, Shuai & Chiu, Yi-Bin & Hsiao, Cody Yu-Ling, 2025. "Artificial intelligence, digital inclusive finance, and financial performance: Dynamic threshold insights from renewable energy enterprises," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    3. Wu, Xiuqin & Zhang, Yi & Lee, Chi-Chuan, 2025. "Driving low-carbon energy transition with FinTech: The role of government environmental attention," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 330(C).
    4. Li, Xin & Li, Shiyuan & Cao, Jifeng & Spulbar, Andrei Cristian, 2025. "Does artificial intelligence improve energy efficiency? Evidence from provincial data in China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    5. Zhang, Wei & Zhang, Yunjia & Lan, Xuling & Song, Malin, 2025. "“Green BRICS”: How artificial intelligence can build the explicit structure and implicit order of energy transition," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    6. Gao, Xiangming & Ji, Xinliang & Wang, Rong & Yu, Jian, 2025. "The effect of artificial intelligence on energy transition: Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    7. Fang, Yuzhu & Lee, Chi-Chuan & Li, Xinghao, 2025. "Assessing the impact of artificial intelligence on the transition to renewable energy? Analysis of U.S. states under policy uncertainty," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    8. Shunan Fan & Yuhuan Zhao & Sumin Zuo, 2025. "Financial Development and Energy Transition: A Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-28, August.
    9. Li, Lingxiao & Wen, Jun & Li, Yan & Mu, Zi, 2025. "Supply chain challenges and energy insecurity: The role of AI in facilitating renewable energy transition," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    10. Liu, Tie-Ying, 2025. "Do industrial robots optimize the energy structure? Evidence from fossil energy consumption," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    11. Du, Mengfan & Zhang, Yue-Jun, 2025. "Green digital finance and energy transition: Considering the differentiating role of regional policy uncertainty," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 30-48.
    12. Zhu, Qingyuan & Sun, Chenhao & Xu, Chengzhen & Geng, Qianqian, 2025. "The impact of artificial intelligence on global energy vulnerability," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 15-27.
    13. Ma, Wenhui & Wang, Kai-Hua & Li, Xin, 2025. "Revolutionizing green finance: The synergistic spillover effects of AI, cloud computing, and blockchain," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    14. Skare, Marinko & Gavurova, Beata & Sinkovic, Dean, 2025. "Measuring artificial intelligence's impact on sustainable energy transition: Empirical insights and policy implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    15. Wang, Qiang & Zhang, Siqi & Li, Rongrong, 2026. "Artificial intelligence in the renewable energy transition: The critical role of financial development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 226(PA).
    16. Dan Yi & Sheng Lin & Jianlan Yang, 2025. "Global Climate Risk Perception and Its Dynamic Impact on the Clean Energy Market: New Evidence from Contemporaneous and Lagged R 2 Decomposition Connectivity Approaches," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-29, April.
    17. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Fang, Yuzhu & Quan, Shiyun & Li, Xinghao, 2024. "Leveraging the power of artificial intelligence toward the energy transition: The key role of the digital economy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    18. Olasehinde-Williams, Godwin & Köksal, Cihat, 2025. "Geoeconomic fragmentation: What is at stake for energy transition in the Global North? Empirical evidence from panel-quantile-type estimation methods," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 4(2).
    19. Yahya, Farzan & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2025. "Unveiling the multifaceted role of climate readiness in stabilizing renewables integration: Evidence of energy transition dynamics from a multi-theoretical perspective," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    20. Wang, Yafei & Shi, Ming & Liu, Junnan & Zhong, Min & Ran, Rong, 2025. "The impact of digital-real integration on energy productivity under a multi-governance framework: The mediating role of AI and embodied technological progress," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:151:y:2025:i:c:s0140988325008059. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.