IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v282y2021ipbs0306261920315956.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Effects of passenger load, road grade, and congestion level on real-world fuel consumption and emissions from compressed natural gas and diesel urban buses

Author

Listed:
  • Rosero, Fredy
  • Fonseca, Natalia
  • López, José-María
  • Casanova, Jesús

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of passenger load, road grade, and congestion level on the fuel consumption and emissions from a Euro VI compressed natural gas (CNG) urban bus and a Euro V diesel urban bus. Testing was performed under real-traffic conditions in Madrid, Spain, using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The PEMS data also were combined with the vehicle specific power (VSP) methodology to analyse the differences between the performance of the two types of buses and develop an energy-based emission model. Between the empty and 4000 kg passenger load cases, the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for the diesel bus showed a significant increase by approximately 25%. With an increase in the road grade, and congestion level, the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of both types of buses increased, by 6–55%. Unlike in the case of the diesel bus, the NOx emissions of the CNG bus decreased by 40–50% as the level of road grade and congestion increased. At intervals of VSP ≥ 2 kW/t, NOx emission rates for the CNG bus were approximately 60% lower than those of the diesel bus. Finally, the proposed VSP-based model estimated the fuel consumption and the CO2 and NOx emission factors with relative total errors of less than 13%.

Suggested Citation

  • Rosero, Fredy & Fonseca, Natalia & López, José-María & Casanova, Jesús, 2021. "Effects of passenger load, road grade, and congestion level on real-world fuel consumption and emissions from compressed natural gas and diesel urban buses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PB).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:282:y:2021:i:pb:s0306261920315956
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116195
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261920315956
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116195?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xiaonian Shan & Xiaohong Chen & Wenjian Jia & Jianhong Ye, 2019. "Evaluating Urban Bus Emission Characteristics Based on Localized MOVES Using Sparse GPS Data in Shanghai, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-15, May.
    2. Wendan Zhang & Jian Lu & Ping Xu & Yi Zhang, 2015. "Moving towards Sustainability: Road Grades and On-Road Emissions of Heavy-Duty Vehicles—A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(9), pages 1-28, September.
    3. Mera, Zamir & Fonseca, Natalia & López, José-María & Casanova, Jesús, 2019. "Analysis of the high instantaneous NOx emissions from Euro 6 diesel passenger cars under real driving conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 1074-1089.
    4. Zhang, Shaojun & Wu, Ye & Hu, Jingnan & Huang, Ruikun & Zhou, Yu & Bao, Xiaofeng & Fu, Lixin & Hao, Jiming, 2014. "Can Euro V heavy-duty diesel engines, diesel hybrid and alternative fuel technologies mitigate NOX emissions? New evidence from on-road tests of buses in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 118-126.
    5. Bermúdez, Vicente & Luján, José Manuel & Climent, Héctor & Campos, Daniel, 2015. "Assessment of pollutants emission and aftertreatment efficiency in a GTDi engine including cooled LP-EGR system under different steady-state operating conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 459-473.
    6. Grigoratos, Theodoros & Fontaras, Georgios & Martini, Giorgio & Peletto, Cesare, 2016. "A study of regulated and green house gas emissions from a prototype heavy-duty compressed natural gas engine under transient and real life conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 340-355.
    7. Guo, Jiadong & Ge, Yunshan & Hao, Lijun & Tan, Jianwei & Peng, Zihang & Zhang, Chuanzhen, 2015. "Comparison of real-world fuel economy and emissions from parallel hybrid and conventional diesel buses fitted with selective catalytic reduction systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 433-441.
    8. Yu, Qian & Li, Tiezhu & Li, Hu, 2016. "Improving urban bus emission and fuel consumption modeling by incorporating passenger load factor for real world driving," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 101-111.
    9. Wen, Yifan & Zhang, Shaojun & Zhang, Jingran & Bao, Shuanghui & Wu, Xiaomeng & Yang, Daoyuan & Wu, Ye, 2020. "Mapping dynamic road emissions for a megacity by using open-access traffic congestion index data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    10. Zhang, Shaojun & Wu, Ye & Liu, Huan & Huang, Ruikun & Yang, Liuhanzi & Li, Zhenhua & Fu, Lixin & Hao, Jiming, 2014. "Real-world fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of urban public buses in Beijing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1645-1655.
    11. Christos Keramydas & Georgios Papadopoulos & Leonidas Ntziachristos & Ting-Shek Lo & Kwok-Lam Ng & Hok-Lai Anson Wong & Carol Ka-Lok Wong, 2018. "Real-World Measurement of Hybrid Buses’ Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions in a Metropolitan Urban Road Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-16, September.
    12. Costagliola, Maria Antonietta & Costabile, Marianeve & Prati, Maria Vittoria, 2018. "Impact of road grade on real driving emissions from two Euro 5 diesel vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 586-593.
    13. Samuel Rodman Oprešnik & Tine Seljak & Rok Vihar & Marko Gerbec & Tomaž Katrašnik, 2018. "Real-World Fuel Consumption, Fuel Cost and Exhaust Emissions of Different Bus Powertrain Technologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, August.
    14. Hajbabaei, Maryam & Karavalakis, Georgios & Johnson, Kent C. & Lee, Linda & Durbin, Thomas D., 2013. "Impact of natural gas fuel composition on criteria, toxic, and particle emissions from transit buses equipped with lean burn and stoichiometric engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 425-434.
    15. Rosero, Fredy & Fonseca, Natalia & López, José-María & Casanova, Jesús, 2020. "Real-world fuel efficiency and emissions from an urban diesel bus engine under transient operating conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    16. Park, Cheolwoong & Kim, Changgi & Lee, Sangho & Lee, Sunyoup & Lee, Janghee, 2019. "Comparative evaluation of performance and emissions of CNG engine for heavy-duty vehicles fueled with various caloric natural gases," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 1-9.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Miroslaw Smieszek & Vasyl Mateichyk & Jakub Mosciszewski, 2024. "The Influence of Stops on the Selected Route of the City ITS on the Energy Efficiency of the Public Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-26, August.
    2. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Lago Sari, Rafael & Tripathi, Shashwat, 2022. "Life cycle CO₂ footprint reduction comparison of hybrid and electric buses for bus transit networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    3. Xiao Liang & Huifang Song & Gefan Wu & Yongjie Guo & Shu Zhang, 2024. "Complex Traffic Flow Model for Analysis and Optimization of Fuel Consumption and Emissions at Large Roundabouts," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-26, October.
    4. Maren Schnieder & Chris Hinde & Andrew West, 2022. "Emission Estimation of On-Demand Meal Delivery Services Using a Macroscopic Simulation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-17, September.
    5. Michel Noussan, 2023. "The Use of Biomethane in Internal Combustion Engines for Public Transport Decarbonization: A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-18, December.
    6. Piotr Pryciński & Piotr Pielecha & Jarosław Korzeb & Jacek Pielecha & Mariusz Kostrzewski & Ahmed Eliwa, 2024. "Air Pollutant Emissions of Passenger Cars in Poland in Terms of Their Environmental Impact and Type of Energy Consumption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-21, October.
    7. Duan, Xiongbo & Feng, Lining & Liu, Haibo & Jiang, Pengfei & Chen, Chao & Sun, Zhiqiang, 2023. "Experimental investigation on exhaust emissions of a heavy-duty vehicle powered by a methanol-fuelled spark ignition engine under world Harmonized Transient Cycle and actual on-road driving conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    8. Fredy Rosero & Carlos Xavier Rosero & Carlos Segovia, 2024. "Towards Simpler Approaches for Assessing Fuel Efficiency and CO 2 Emissions of Vehicle Engines in Real Traffic Conditions Using On-Board Diagnostic Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-18, September.
    9. Piotr Pryciński & Róża Wawryszczuk & Jarosław Korzeb & Piotr Pielecha, 2023. "Indicator Method for Determining the Emissivity of Road Transport Means from the Point of Supplied Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-22, June.
    10. Marina Zanne & Elen Twrdy & Bojan Beškovnik, 2021. "The Effect of Port Gate Location and Gate Procedures on the Port-City Relation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-22, April.
    11. Selami Kesler & Omer Boyaci & Mustafa Tumbek, 2022. "Design and Implementation of a Regenerative Mode Electric Vehicle Test Platform for Engineering Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-20, November.
    12. Qian Yu & Lili Lu & Tiezhu Li & Ran Tu, 2022. "Quantifying the Impact of Alternative Bus Stop Platforms on Vehicle Emissions and Individual Pollution Exposure at Bus Stops," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-16, May.
    13. Rong, Peijun & Kwan, Mei-Po & Qin, Yaochen & Zheng, Zhicheng, 2022. "A review of research on low-carbon school trips and their implications for human-environment relationship," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    14. Noussan, Michel & Negro, Viviana & Prussi, Matteo & Chiaramonti, David, 2024. "The potential role of biomethane for the decarbonization of transport: An analysis of 2030 scenarios in Italy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
    15. Weinan He & Lei Duan & Zhuoyuan Zhang & Xu Zhao & Ying Cheng, 2022. "Analysis of the Characteristics of Real-World Emission Factors and VSP Distributions—A Case Study in Beijing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-14, September.
    16. Lv, Zongyan & Wu, Lin & Yang, Zhiwen & Yang, Lei & Fang, Tiange & Mao, Hongjun, 2023. "Comparison on real-world driving emission characteristics of CNG, LNG and Hybrid-CNG buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
    17. Giagnorio, Mirko & Börjesson, Maria & D'Alfonso, Tiziana, 2024. "Introducing electric buses in urban areas: Effects on welfare, pricing, frequency, and public subsidies," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    18. Kirsi Spoof-Tuomi & Hans Arvidsson & Olav Nilsson & Seppo Niemi, 2022. "Real-Driving Emissions of an Aging Biogas-Fueled City Bus," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 4(4), pages 1-18, October.
    19. Fan, Pengfei & Yin, Hang & Lu, Hongyu & Wu, Yizheng & Zhai, Zhiqiang & Yu, Lei & Song, Guohua, 2023. "Which factor contributes more to the fuel consumption gap between in-laboratory vs. real-world driving conditions? An independent component analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    20. Haoming Gu & Shenghua Liu & Yanju Wei & Xibin Liu & Xiaodong Zhu & Zheyang Li, 2022. "Effects of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers Addition in Diesel on Real Driving Emission and Fuel Consumption Characteristics of a CHINA VI Heavy-Duty Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-20, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rosero, Fredy & Fonseca, Natalia & López, José-María & Casanova, Jesús, 2020. "Real-world fuel efficiency and emissions from an urban diesel bus engine under transient operating conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    2. Lv, Zongyan & Wu, Lin & Yang, Zhiwen & Yang, Lei & Fang, Tiange & Mao, Hongjun, 2023. "Comparison on real-world driving emission characteristics of CNG, LNG and Hybrid-CNG buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
    3. Sui, Yi & Zhang, Haoran & Shang, Wenlong & Sun, Rencheng & Wang, Changying & Ji, Jun & Song, Xuan & Shao, Fengjing, 2020. "Mining urban sustainable performance: Spatio-temporal emission potential changes of urban transit buses in post-COVID-19 future," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    4. Ma, Xiaolei & Miao, Ran & Wu, Xinkai & Liu, Xianglong, 2021. "Examining influential factors on the energy consumption of electric and diesel buses: A data-driven analysis of large-scale public transit network in Beijing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    5. Christos Keramydas & Georgios Papadopoulos & Leonidas Ntziachristos & Ting-Shek Lo & Kwok-Lam Ng & Hok-Lai Anson Wong & Carol Ka-Lok Wong, 2018. "Real-World Measurement of Hybrid Buses’ Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions in a Metropolitan Urban Road Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-16, September.
    6. Zhang, Shaojun & Wu, Ye & Un, Puikei & Fu, Lixin & Hao, Jiming, 2016. "Modeling real-world fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions with high resolution for light-duty passenger vehicles in a traffic populated city," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 461-471.
    7. Sofia Dahlgren & Jonas Ammenberg, 2021. "Sustainability Assessment of Public Transport, Part II—Applying a Multi-Criteria Assessment Method to Compare Different Bus Technologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-30, January.
    8. Tong, Zheming & Chen, Yujiao & Malkawi, Ali & Liu, Zhu & Freeman, Richard B., 2016. "Energy saving potential of natural ventilation in China: The impact of ambient air pollution," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 660-668.
    9. Mera, Zamir & Varella, Roberto & Baptista, Patrícia & Duarte, Gonçalo & Rosero, Fredy, 2022. "Including engine data for energy and pollutants assessment into the vehicle specific power methodology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    10. Bigazzi, Alexander, 2019. "Comparison of marginal and average emission factors for passenger transportation modes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 1460-1466.
    11. García, Antonio & Monsalve-Serrano, Javier & Martinez-Boggio, Santiago & Zhao, Wenbin & Qian, Yong, 2022. "Intelligent charge compression ignition combustion for range extender medium duty applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 671-687.
    12. Wen, Yifan & Wu, Ruoxi & Zhou, Zihang & Zhang, Shaojun & Yang, Shengge & Wallington, Timothy J. & Shen, Wei & Tan, Qinwen & Deng, Ye & Wu, Ye, 2022. "A data-driven method of traffic emissions mapping with land use random forest models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    13. Qian Zhao & Wenke Huang & Mingwei Hu & Xiaoxiao Xu & Wenlin Wu, 2021. "Characterizing the Economic and Environmental Benefits of LNG Heavy-Duty Trucks: A Case Study in Shenzhen, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-18, December.
    14. Guo, Jiadong & Ge, Yunshan & Hao, Lijun & Tan, Jianwei & Peng, Zihang & Zhang, Chuanzhen, 2015. "Comparison of real-world fuel economy and emissions from parallel hybrid and conventional diesel buses fitted with selective catalytic reduction systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 433-441.
    15. Yu, Qian & Li, Tiezhu & Li, Hu, 2016. "Improving urban bus emission and fuel consumption modeling by incorporating passenger load factor for real world driving," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 101-111.
    16. Zhou, Boya & Wu, Ye & Zhou, Bin & Wang, Renjie & Ke, Wenwei & Zhang, Shaojun & Hao, Jiming, 2016. "Real-world performance of battery electric buses and their life-cycle benefits with respect to energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 603-613.
    17. Barouch Giechaskiel & Victor Valverde & Anastasios Melas & Michaël Clairotte & Pierre Bonnel & Panagiota Dilara, 2024. "Comparison of the Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) of a Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Vehicle at Different Routes in Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-19, March.
    18. Hyung Jun Kim & Sang Hyun Lee & Sang Il Kwon & Sangki Park & Jonghak Lee & Ji Hoon Keel & Jong Tae Lee & Suhan Park, 2020. "Investigation of the Emission Characteristics of Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles in Korea Based on EURO-VI Standards According to Type of After-Treatment System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-18, September.
    19. Danilo Arcentales & Carla Silva, 2019. "Exploring the Introduction of Plug-In Hybrid Flex-Fuel Vehicles in Ecuador," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-14, June.
    20. Ke, Wenwei & Zhang, Shaojun & He, Xiaoyi & Wu, Ye & Hao, Jiming, 2017. "Well-to-wheels energy consumption and emissions of electric vehicles: Mid-term implications from real-world features and air pollution control progress," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 367-377.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:282:y:2021:i:pb:s0306261920315956. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.