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Impact of natural gas fuel composition on criteria, toxic, and particle emissions from transit buses equipped with lean burn and stoichiometric engines

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  • Hajbabaei, Maryam
  • Karavalakis, Georgios
  • Johnson, Kent C.
  • Lee, Linda
  • Durbin, Thomas D.

Abstract

This study investigated the impacts of varying natural gas composition on the exhaust emissions from different technology transit buses. For this study, two CNG (compressed natural gas) buses equipped with lean burn combustion and OCs (oxidation catalysts), and one stoichiometric CNG bus equipped with a TWC (three-way catalyst) and EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) were tested on a chassis dynamometer over the CBD (Central Business District) cycle on six different gas blends each. The gases represented a range of compositions from gases with high levels of methane and correspondingly lower energy contents/WN (Wobbe number) to gases with higher levels of heavier hydrocarbons and correspondingly higher energy contents/WN. For the lean burn buses, gases with low methane contents exhibited higher NOx (nitrogen oxides) (19%–53%) and NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbon) (39%–102%) emissions, but lower emissions of THC (total hydrocarbon) (9%–24%), CH4 (methane) (23%–33%), and formaldehyde emissions (14%–45%). The stoichiometric engine bus with a TWC showed significantly reduced NOx and THC emissions compared to the lean burn buses, but did show higher levels of CO (carbon monoxide) and NH3 (ammonia). PM (particulate matter) mass emissions did not show any fuel effects, while PN (particle number) emissions exhibited some reductions for the higher WN gases.

Suggested Citation

  • Hajbabaei, Maryam & Karavalakis, Georgios & Johnson, Kent C. & Lee, Linda & Durbin, Thomas D., 2013. "Impact of natural gas fuel composition on criteria, toxic, and particle emissions from transit buses equipped with lean burn and stoichiometric engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 425-434.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:62:y:2013:i:c:p:425-434
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.040
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Karavalakis, Georgios & Hajbabaei, Maryam & Durbin, Thomas D. & Johnson, Kent C. & Zheng, Zhongqing & Miller, Wayne J., 2013. "The effect of natural gas composition on the regulated emissions, gaseous toxic pollutants, and ultrafine particle number emissions from a refuse hauler vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 280-291.
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    2. Park, Cheolwoong & Kim, Changgi & Lee, Sangho & Lee, Sunyoup & Lee, Janghee, 2019. "Comparative evaluation of performance and emissions of CNG engine for heavy-duty vehicles fueled with various caloric natural gases," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 1-9.
    3. Pengfei Duan & Chaokui Qin & Zhiguang Chen, 2019. "Experimental Study of the Influence of Natural Gas Constituents on CO Emission from Chinese Gas Cooker," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-16, October.
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    6. Kakaee, Amir-Hasan & Paykani, Amin & Ghajar, Mostafa, 2014. "The influence of fuel composition on the combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas fueled engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 64-78.
    7. Chen, Zheng & Ai, Yaquan & Qin, Tao & Luo, Feng, 2019. "Quantitative evaluation of n-butane concentration on knock severity of a natural gas heavy-duty SI engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    8. Anderson, Larry G., 2015. "Effects of using renewable fuels on vehicle emissions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 162-172.
    9. Chen, Zheng & Zhang, Fan & Xu, Boya & Zhang, Quanchang & Liu, Jingping, 2017. "Influence of methane content on a LNG heavy-duty engine with high compression ratio," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 329-336.
    10. Diming Lou & Yedi Ren & Xiang Li & Yunhua Zhang & Xia Sun, 2020. "Effect of Operating Conditions and TWC Parameters on Emissions Characteristics of a Stoichiometric Natural Gas Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-18, September.
    11. Barouch Giechaskiel, 2018. "Solid Particle Number Emission Factors of Euro VI Heavy-Duty Vehicles on the Road and in the Laboratory," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-24, February.
    12. Fontaras, Georgios & Grigoratos, Theodoros & Savvidis, Dimitrios & Anagnostopoulos, Konstantinos & Luz, Raphael & Rexeis, Martin & Hausberger, Stefan, 2016. "An experimental evaluation of the methodology proposed for the monitoring and certification of CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles in Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 354-364.
    13. Farzaneh-Gord, Mahmood & Niazmand, Amir & Deymi-Dashtebayaz, Mahdi & Rahbari, Hamid Reza, 2015. "Effects of natural gas compositions on CNG (compressed natural gas) reciprocating compressors performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P1), pages 1152-1162.
    14. Lee, Sangho & Yi, Ui Hyung & Jang, Hyungjoon & Park, Cheolwoong & Kim, Changgi, 2021. "Evaluation of emission characteristics of a stoichiometric natural gas engine fueled with compressed natural gas and biomethane," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    15. Yang, Li-Ping & Song, En-Zhe & Ding, Shun-Liang & Brown, Richard J. & Marwan, Norbert & Ma, Xiu-Zhen, 2016. "Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of combustion instabilities in a pre-mixed lean-burn natural gas engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 746-759.
    16. Elia Distaso & Riccardo Amirante & Giuseppe Calò & Pietro De Palma & Paolo Tamburrano, 2020. "Evolution of Soot Particle Number, Mass and Size Distribution along the Exhaust Line of a Heavy-Duty Engine Fueled with Compressed Natural Gas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-16, August.

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