IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/rgscpp/v12y2020i2p349-363.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Urban commuting behavior and time allocation among women: Evidence from US metropolitan areas

Author

Listed:
  • Akiko Sakanishi

Abstract

This paper examines the determinants of commuting time and hours worked among women living in US metropolitan areas. The empirical analysis using the data of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS‐USA) shows that commuting time and hours worked have a positive relationship. However, commuting time and hours worked are not direct causal relation but are affected by the common factors: wage rate and preference for non‐work activity time based on the theoretical model of time allocation. Commuting time increases with wages because the disutility of longer commutes must be compensated by higher wage income. The results of our empirical analysis show that commuting time is significantly dependent on wages, marital status, presence of children and household automobile ownership. Policies alleviating constraints of commuting and improving public transport are crucial for improving work‐life balance and expanding job opportunities for married women with many household responsibilities, which help to reduce regional labour market inequality. Este artículo explora los factores determinantes de la duración de los desplazamientos al trabajo y las horas que trabajan las mujeres que viven en las áreas metropolitanas de los Estados Unidos. El análisis empírico, que utiliza datos de la Serie Integrada de Microdatos de Uso Público (IPUMS‐USA, por sus siglas en inglés) muestra que la duración del desplazamiento al trabajo y las horas trabajadas tienen una relación positiva. Sin embargo, el tiempo de desplazamiento al trabajo y las horas trabajadas no tienen una relación causal directa, sino que se ven afectados por factores comunes: la tasa salarial y la preferencia por un tiempo de actividad no laboral basada en el modelo teórico de asignación de tiempos. El tiempo de desplazamiento al trabajo aumenta con los salarios porque la inutilidad de los desplazamientos más largos debe compensarse con mayores ingresos salariales. Los resultados de nuestro análisis empírico muestran que el tiempo de desplazamiento al trabajo depende significativamente del salario, el estado civil, la presencia de niños y la posesión de automóvil en el hogar. Las políticas que alivian las limitaciones de los desplazamientos al trabajo y mejoran el transporte público son cruciales para mejorar el equilibrio entre lo laboral y lo familiar y para ampliar las oportunidades laborales para las mujeres casadas con muchas responsabilidades en el hogar, lo que ayuda a reducir la desigualdad del mercado laboral regional. 本稿では、米国の大都市圏に住む女性の通勤時間と就労時間の決定要因を検討する。Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS‐USA)のデータを用いた実証的分析から、通勤時間と就労時間には正の関連性が認められた。しかし、通勤時間と就労時間は、直接的な因果関係にあるのではなく、時間配分の理論モデルに基づく賃金率および非就労時間における活動の優先性という共通の要因の影響を受けている。通勤時間は賃金とともに上昇するが、これは、より長い通勤時間の不効用はより高い賃金で補償されなければならないためである。実証分析の結果から、通勤時間は、賃金、婚姻状況、子供の有無、自家用車の所有に有意に依存することが示される。通勤の制約を緩和し公共交通機関を改善する政策は、多くの家事をしなければならない既婚女性のワークライフバランスを改善し、就労機会を増やすために非常に重要であり、また、地域間の労働市場の不平等を削減する一助となる。

Suggested Citation

  • Akiko Sakanishi, 2020. "Urban commuting behavior and time allocation among women: Evidence from US metropolitan areas," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(2), pages 349-363, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:12:y:2020:i:2:p:349-363
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12261
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12261
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/rsp3.12261?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wu, De-Min, 1973. "Alternative Tests of Independence Between Stochastic Regressors and Disturbances," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 41(4), pages 733-750, July.
    2. Francine D. Blau & Lawrence M. Kahn, 2013. "Female Labor Supply: Why Is the United States Falling Behind?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(3), pages 251-256, May.
    3. AlisonL. Booth & JanC. vanOurs, 2008. "Job Satisfaction and Family Happiness: The Part-Time Work Puzzle," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 118(526), pages 77-99, February.
    4. Rob Euwals & Marike Knoef & Daniel Vuuren, 2011. "The trend in female labour force participation: what can be expected for the future?," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 40(3), pages 729-753, May.
    5. Phimister, Euan, 2005. "Urban effects on participation and wages: Are there gender differences?," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(3), pages 513-536, November.
    6. Javier Romani & Jordi Surinach & Manuel Artiis, 2003. "Are Commuting and Residential Mobility Decisions Simultaneous?: The Case of Catalonia, Spain," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(8), pages 813-826.
    7. White, Michelle J, 1986. "Sex Differences in Urban Commuting Patterns," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 76(2), pages 368-372, May.
    8. Perron, Pierre & Yamamoto, Yohei, 2014. "A Note On Estimating And Testing For Multiple Structural Changes In Models With Endogenous Regressors Via 2sls," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 30(2), pages 491-507, April.
    9. Van Ommeren, Jos & Fosgerau, Mogens, 2009. "Workers' marginal costs of commuting," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(1), pages 38-47, January.
    10. Schwanen, Tim & Dijst, Martin, 2002. "Travel-time ratios for visits to the workplace: the relationship between commuting time and work duration," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 36(7), pages 573-592, August.
    11. Bun Song Lee & John F. McDonald, 2003. "Determinants of Commuting Time and Distance for Seoul Residents: The Impact of Family Status on the Commuting of Women," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 40(7), pages 1283-1302, June.
    12. Andrew Crawley, 2014. "The relationship between commuting time and workers' utility," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(18), pages 1273-1276, December.
    13. John F. Kain, 1962. "The Journey‐To‐Work As A Determinant Of Residential Location," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 9(1), pages 137-160, January.
    14. Perron, Pierre & Qu, Zhongjun, 2006. "Estimating restricted structural change models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 134(2), pages 373-399, October.
    15. Kobe Boussauw & Tijs Neutens & Frank Witlox, 2012. "Relationship between Spatial Proximity and Travel-to-Work Distance: The Effect of the Compact City," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(6), pages 687-706, September.
    16. J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal & José Alberto Molina, 2016. "Commuting Time And Household Responsibilities: Evidence Using Propensity Score Matching," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(2), pages 332-359, March.
    17. J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal & José Alberto Molina, 2014. "Commuting Time and Labour Supply in the Netherlands A Time Use Study," Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, University of Bath, vol. 48(3), pages 409-426, September.
    18. Khandker Habib, 2014. "Household-level commuting mode choices, car allocation and car ownership level choices of two-worker households: the case of the city of Toronto," Transportation, Springer, vol. 41(3), pages 651-672, May.
    19. Mroz, Thomas A, 1987. "The Sensitivity of an Empirical Model of Married Women's Hours of Work to Economic and Statistical Assumptions," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(4), pages 765-799, July.
    20. Janice F. Madden & JMichelle J. White, 1980. "Spatial Implications of Increases in the Female Labor Force: A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 56(4), pages 432-446.
    21. Westin, Kerstin & Sandow, Erika, 2010. "People’s preferences for commuting in sparsely populated areas: The case of Sweden," The Journal of Transport and Land Use, Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, vol. 2(3), pages 87-107.
    22. Jan-Erik Swärdh & Staffan Algers, 2016. "Willingness to accept commuting time within the household: stated preference evidence," Transportation, Springer, vol. 43(2), pages 219-241, March.
    23. Rouwendal, Jan, 1999. "Spatial job search and commuting distances," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 491-517, July.
    24. Patricia C. Melo & Daniel J. Graham & Robert B. Noland, 2012. "The effect of labour market spatial structure on commuting in England and Wales ‡," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 12(3), pages 717-737, May.
    25. George J. Borjas, 1980. "The Relationship between Wages and Weekly Hours of Work: The Role of Division Bias," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 15(3), pages 409-423.
    26. Janice Fanning Madden, 1977. "An Empirical Analysis Of The Spatial Elasticity Of Labor Supply," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(1), pages 157-171, January.
    27. Richard J. Cebula & John Connaughton & Caroline Swartz, 2018. "An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of the Three Labor Market Freedom Indices and Occupational Licensing on Interstate Living-Cost Differentials," Journal of Private Enterprise, The Association of Private Enterprise Education, vol. 33(Fall 2018), pages 49-62.
    28. Dominique Anxo & Letizia Mencarini & Ariane Pailhe & Anne Solaz & Maria Letizia Tanturri & Lennart Flood, 2011. "Gender Differences in Time Use over the Life Course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the US," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(3), pages 159-195.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Islam, Md Rabiul & Saphores, Jean-Daniel M., 2022. "An L.A. story: The impact of housing costs on commuting," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. José M. Casado-Díaz & Raquel Simón-Albert & Hipólito Simón, 2023. "Gender Differences in Commuting: New Evidence from Spain," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 169(3), pages 907-941, October.
    2. Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2020. "Elderly's Mobility to and from Work in the US: Metropolitan Status and Population Size," IZA Discussion Papers 13949, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    3. Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2021. "Two-way commuting: Asymmetries from time use surveys," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    4. Echeverría, Lucía & Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto, 2023. "Commuting in dual-earner households: International gender differences with time use surveys," Nülan. Deposited Documents 3932, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Centro de Documentación.
    5. Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2022. "Trends in commuting time of European workers: A cross-country analysis," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 327-342.
    6. Thomas Skora & Heiko Rüger & Nico Stawarz, 2020. "Commuting and the Motherhood Wage Gap: Evidence from Germany," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-19, July.
    7. Roberts, Jennifer & Hodgson, Robert & Dolan, Paul, 2011. "“It's driving her mad”: Gender differences in the effects of commuting on psychological health," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 1064-1076.
    8. Belloc, Ignacio, 2021. "El tiempo de desplazamiento al lugar de trabajo en el Reino Unido: Diferencias entre asalariados y autoempleados [Commuting time in the United Kingdom: Differences between wage-earners and self-emp," MPRA Paper 108260, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Palacios, Saúl, 2021. "Desplazamientos y autoempleo en Francia: diferencias por género [Commuting y self-employment in France: gender differences]," MPRA Paper 106555, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Maye Ehab, 2018. "The Commuting Gender Gap and Females’ Participation and Earnings in the Egyptian Labor Market," Working Papers 1211, Economic Research Forum, revised 21 Jun 2018.
    11. J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal & José Alberto Molina, 2016. "Commuting Time And Household Responsibilities: Evidence Using Propensity Score Matching," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(2), pages 332-359, March.
    12. Carta, Francesca & De Philippis, Marta, 2018. "You've come a long way, baby. Husbands' commuting time and family labour supply," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 25-37.
    13. Echeverría, Lucía & Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto, 2021. "Carpooling: User profiles and well-being," Nülan. Deposited Documents 3568, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Centro de Documentación.
    14. Gutiérrez-i-Puigarnau, Eva & van Ommeren, Jos N., 2010. "Labour supply and commuting," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 82-89, July.
    15. Kawabata, Mizuki & Abe, Yukiko, 2018. "Intra-metropolitan spatial patterns of female labor force participation and commute times in Tokyo," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 291-303.
    16. Mei Zhang & Jia Tang & Jun Gao, 2023. "Examining the Effects of Built Environments and Individual Characteristics on Commuting Time under Spatial Heterogeneity: An Empirical Study in China Using HLM," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-20, August.
    17. Eva Gutiérrez-i-Puigarnau & Jos N van Ommeren, 2015. "Commuting and labour supply revisited," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 52(14), pages 2551-2563, November.
    18. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, J. & Molina, Jose Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2018. "The commuting behavior of workers in the United States: Differences between the employed and the self-employed," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 19-29.
    19. Eva Gutierrez-i-Puigarnau & Jos van Ommeren, 2009. "Labour Supply and Commuting: Implications for Optimal Road Taxes," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 09-008/3, Tinbergen Institute.
    20. Hong, Sung Hyo & Lee, Bun Song & McDonald, John F., 2018. "Commuting time decisions for two-worker households in Korea," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 122-129.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:12:y:2020:i:2:p:349-363. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1757-7802 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.