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Transport Policy and the Car Divide in the UK, the US and France: Beyond the Environmental Debate

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  • SYLVIE FOL
  • GABRIEL DUPUY
  • OLIVIER COUTARD

Abstract

Public aid programs to subsidize the automobility of poor households are at the heart of a trade‐off between three different types of concern: economic (promoting access to employment for active members of these households), environmental (cutting greenhouse gas emissions from cars) and social (ensuring that policies to control car usage do not penalize poorer households disproportionately). This article analyzes comparative research into the origins and development of such programs in three countries characterized by different levels of car dependence (France, the UK and the US). It shows that these programs, which are obviously useful to the households that benefit from them and, surprisingly, have largely escaped criticism despite running counter to policies that restrict the use of cars, remain of marginal importance in all three countries. The reasons for this are twofold: firstly, auto programs are not an appropriate solution to the difficulties encountered by a significant portion of poor households and, secondly, wider development of such policies would constitute a considerable political gamble, especially as they risk destabilizing the mechanisms for funding public transit and weakening their social legitimacy. In the longer term, however, multiplying economic and fiscal methods of restricting car use that weigh disproportionately on the budgets of more modest households may necessitate a considerable increase in programs to aid automobility. Résumé Les dispositifs d’aide publique à l’automobilité des ménages pauvres sont au cœur d’une tension entre préoccupations économiques (favoriser l’emploi des actifs de ces ménages), environnementales (limiter la production de gaz à effet de serre par la circulation automobile) et sociale (s’assurer que les politiques de maîtrise de la mobilité automobile ne pénalisent pas les ménages pauvres de manière disproportionnée). Cet article rend compte d’une recherche comparative sur la genèse et le développement de ces dispositifs dans trois pays notamment caractérisés par des degrés différents de dépendance automobile (France, Grande‐Bretagne, Etats‐Unis). Il montre que ces dispositifs, manifestement utiles pour les ménages bénéficiaires et étonnamment peu contestés en dépit de leur caractère contradictoire avec les politiques de restriction de l’usage de l’automobile, demeurent néanmoins marginaux dans les trois pays. Deux raisons principales expliquent cet état de fait: d’une part, l’aide à l’automobilité ne constitue pas une réponse appropriée aux difficultés rencontrées par une fraction sans doute importante des ménages pauvres; d’autre part, son développement à plus grande échelle représenterait un risque politique non négligeable, notamment par une déstabilisation des mécanismes de financement des transports collectifs et un affaiblissement de leur légitimation sociale. A plus long terme, cependant, la multiplication d’instruments économiques et fiscaux de limitation de l’usage de l’automobile pesant proportionnellement plus lourd dans le budget des ménages plus modestes pourrait rendre nécessaire un développement important des dispositifs d’aide à l’automobilité.

Suggested Citation

  • Sylvie Fol & Gabriel Dupuy & Olivier Coutard, 2007. "Transport Policy and the Car Divide in the UK, the US and France: Beyond the Environmental Debate," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(4), pages 802-818, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:31:y:2007:i:4:p:802-818
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00755.x
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    2. Julie Le Gallo & Yannick L'Horty & Pascale Petit, 2014. "Does subsidising young people to learn to drive promote social inclusion? Evidence from a large controlled experiment in France," Working Papers halshs-01100332, HAL.
    3. Benjamin Motte-Baumvol & Marie-Hélène Massot & Andrew M. Byrd, 2010. "Escaping Car Dependence in the Outer Suburbs of Paris," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 47(3), pages 604-619, March.
    4. Vanoutrive, Thomas & Cooper, Erin, 2019. "How just is transportation justice theory? The issues of paternalism and production," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 112-119.
    5. Matthew Roorda & Antonio Páez & Catherine Morency & Ruben Mercado & Steven Farber, 2010. "Trip generation of vulnerable populations in three Canadian cities: a spatial ordered probit approach," Transportation, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 525-548, May.
    6. Idlir Licaj & Mohamed Mouloud Haddak & Pascal Pochet & Mireille Chiron, 2012. "Individual and contextual socioeconomic disadvantages and car driving between 16 and 24 years of age: a multilevel study in the Rhône Département (France)," Post-Print halshs-00657323, HAL.
    7. Yu, Shaolu, 2016. "“I am like a deaf, dumb and blind person”: Mobility and immobility of Chinese (im)migrants in Flushing, Queens, New York City," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 10-21.
    8. Mattioli, Giulio & Lucas, Karen & Marsden, Greg, 2018. "Reprint of Transport poverty and fuel poverty in the UK: From analogy to comparison," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 114-125.
    9. Abdi, Mohammad Hamed, 2021. "What the newcomers to transit-oriented development are confronted with? Evidence from Iranian policy and planning," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    10. Lavery, T.A. & Páez, A. & Kanaroglou, P.S., 2013. "Driving out of choices: An investigation of transport modality in a university sample," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 37-46.
    11. Motte-Baumvol, Benjamin & Nassi, Carlos D., 2012. "Immobility in Rio de Janeiro, beyond poverty," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 67-76.
    12. Licaj, Idlir & Haddak, Mouloud & Pochet, Pascal & Chiron, Mireille, 2012. "Individual and contextual socioeconomic disadvantages and car driving between 16 and 24years of age: a multilevel study in the Rhône Département (France)," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 19-27.
    13. Mattioli, Giulio & Lucas, Karen & Marsden, Greg, 2017. "Transport poverty and fuel poverty in the UK: From analogy to comparison," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 93-105.
    14. Farber, Steven & Páez, Antonio, 2011. "Running to stay in place: the time-use implications of automobile oriented land-use and travel," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 782-793.
    15. Farber, Steven & Páez, Antonio, 2009. "My car, my friends, and me: a preliminary analysis of automobility and social activity participation," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 216-225.
    16. Belton Chevallier, Leslie & Motte-Baumvol, Benjamin & Fol, Sylvie & Jouffe, Yves, 2018. "Coping with the costs of car dependency: A system of expedients used by low-income households on the outskirts of Dijon and Paris," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 79-88.
    17. Le Gallo, Julie & L'Horty, Yannick & Petit, Pascale, 2017. "Does enhanced mobility of young people improve employment and housing outcomes? Evidence from a large and controlled experiment in France," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 1-14.

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