IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/bstrat/v34y2025i7p8590-8619.html

Does It Pay to Be Green? A Total Quality Perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Christine Reitmaier
  • Wolfgang Schultze
  • Ramona Paul
  • Jennifer Weißinger

Abstract

The question of whether, when, and how efforts for better corporate environmental performance (CEP) improve corporate financial performance (CFP) remains controversial. We revisit this question from a total quality perspective, which unites previous research and highlights interdependencies between mediators of the CEP–CFP relationship. Total quality comprises internal process and product quality as well as stakeholders' perceptions. We use structural equation modeling in a German survey dataset and analyze two sample periods with different regulations and stakeholder expectations on CEP (2005–2010 and 2017–2022). For both samples, we find that better CEP leads to significantly better internal and external quality and also increased costs. For the early period, the improvements translate into higher revenues via external quality. For the more recent period, the improvements decrease costs via process quality. In both samples, we find a neutral effect on net CFP, implying that the documented cost or revenue benefits of green investments are counterbalanced by the associated additional costs.

Suggested Citation

  • Christine Reitmaier & Wolfgang Schultze & Ramona Paul & Jennifer Weißinger, 2025. "Does It Pay to Be Green? A Total Quality Perspective," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(7), pages 8590-8619, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:bstrat:v:34:y:2025:i:7:p:8590-8619
    DOI: 10.1002/bse.70019
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.70019
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/bse.70019?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sylvia Grewatsch & Ingo Kleindienst, 2017. "When Does It Pay to be Good? Moderators and Mediators in the Corporate Sustainability–Corporate Financial Performance Relationship: A Critical Review," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 145(2), pages 383-416, October.
    2. Menguc, Bulent & Ozanne, Lucie K., 2005. "Challenges of the "green imperative": a natural resource-based approach to the environmental orientation-business performance relationship," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 58(4), pages 430-438, April.
    3. Abagail McWilliams & Donald S. Siegel & Patrick M. Wright, 2006. "Corporate Social Responsibility: Strategic Implications," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(1), pages 1-18, January.
    4. Katharina Hetze, 2016. "Effects on the (CSR) Reputation: CSR Reporting Discussed in the Light of Signalling and Stakeholder Perception Theories," Corporate Reputation Review, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(3), pages 281-296, October.
    5. Rintala, Oskari & Laari, Sini & Solakivi, Tomi & Töyli, Juuso & Nikulainen, Reetta & Ojala, Lauri, 2022. "Revisiting the relationship between environmental and financial performance: The moderating role of ambidexterity in logistics," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    6. Ben Lahouel, Béchir & Bruna, Maria-Giuseppina & Ben Zaied, Younes, 2020. "The curvilinear relationship between environmental performance and financial performance: An investigation of listed french firms using panel smooth transition model," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 35(C).
    7. Paul Lanoie, 2008. "When And Why Does It Pay To Be Green?," CIRANO Papers 2008n-02a, CIRANO.
    8. Sayedeh Parastoo Saeidi & Mohd Shahwahid Haji Othman, 2017. "The mediating role of process and product innovation in the relationship between environmental management accounting and firm's financial performance," International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 14(4), pages 421-438.
    9. Thi‐Hong‐Van Hoang & Wojciech Przychodzen & Justyna Przychodzen & Elysé A. Segbotangni, 2020. "Does it pay to be green? A disaggregated analysis of U.S. firms with green patents," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(3), pages 1331-1361, March.
    10. Gunnar Friede & Timo Busch & Alexander Bassen, 2015. "ESG and financial performance: aggregated evidence from more than 2000 empirical studies," Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 5(4), pages 210-233, October.
    11. Thomas C. Powell, 1995. "Total quality management as competitive advantage: A review and empirical study," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 16(1), pages 15-37.
    12. Heidi Vander Bauwhede & Philippe Van Cauwenberge, 2022. "Determinants and Value Relevance of Voluntary Assurance of Sustainability Reports in a Mandatory Reporting Context: Evidence from Europe," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-14, August.
    13. Erlantz Allur & Iñaki Heras-Saizarbitoria & Olivier Boiral & Francesco Testa, 2018. "Quality and Environmental Management Linkage: A Review of the Literature," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-15, November.
    14. Tariq, Adeel & Badir, Yuosre F. & Tariq, Waqas & Bhutta, Umair Saeed, 2017. "Drivers and consequences of green product and process innovation: A systematic review, conceptual framework, and future outlook," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 8-23.
    15. Thi Hong Van Hoang & Justyna Przychodzen & Wojciech Przychodzen & Elysé Segbotangni, 2020. "Does it pay to be green? A disaggregated analysis of US firms with green patents," Post-Print hal-02518497, HAL.
    16. Lars Petersen & Jacob Hörisch & Kathleen Jacobs, 2021. "Worse is worse and better doesn't matter?: The effects of favorable and unfavorable environmental information on consumers’ willingness to pay," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(5), pages 1338-1356, October.
    17. Parrilli, Mario Davide & Balavac, Merima & Radicic, Dragana, 2020. "Business innovation modes and their impact on innovation outputs: Regional variations and the nature of innovation across EU regions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(8).
    18. Kamal Ghosh Ray, 2019. "Green cost calculus for corporate environmental responsibility," Social Responsibility Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 15(6), pages 819-836, May.
    19. Frank Figge & Tobias Hahn, 2005. "The Cost of Sustainability Capital and the Creation of Sustainable Value by Companies," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 9(4), pages 47-58, October.
    20. Mark Anthony Camilleri, 2022. "The rationale for ISO 14001 certification: A systematic review and a cost–benefit analysis," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 29(4), pages 1067-1083, July.
    21. Kjetil Telle, 2006. "“It Pays to be Green” – A Premature Conclusion?," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 35(3), pages 195-220, November.
    22. Rosa Dangelico & Devashish Pujari, 2010. "Mainstreaming Green Product Innovation: Why and How Companies Integrate Environmental Sustainability," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 95(3), pages 471-486, September.
    23. Magali Delmas & Vered Doctori Blass, 2010. "Measuring corporate environmental performance: the trade‐offs of sustainability ratings," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 19(4), pages 245-260, May.
    24. Salzmann, Oliver & Ionescu-somers, Aileen & Steger, Ulrich, 2005. "The Business Case for Corporate Sustainability:: Literature Review and Research Options," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 27-36, February.
    25. Manfred Schwaiger, 2004. "Components And Parameters Of Corporate Reputation – An Empirical Study," Schmalenbach Business Review (sbr), LMU Munich School of Management, vol. 56(1), pages 46-71, January.
    26. Wolfgang Schultze & Ramona Trommer, 2012. "The concept of environmental performance and its measurement in empirical studies," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 22(4), pages 375-412, January.
    27. Saeidi, Sayedeh Parastoo & Sofian, Saudah & Saeidi, Parvaneh & Saeidi, Sayyedeh Parisa & Saaeidi, Seyyed Alireza, 2015. "How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 341-350.
    28. Jens Horbach & Christian Rammer, 2020. "Circular economy innovations, growth and employment at the firm level: Empirical evidence from Germany," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 24(3), pages 615-625, June.
    29. Jing-Wen Huang & Yong-Hui Li, 2017. "Green Innovation and Performance: The View of Organizational Capability and Social Reciprocity," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 145(2), pages 309-324, October.
    30. Markus Hang & Jerome Geyer‐Klingeberg & Andreas Rathgeber & Stefan Stöckl, 2018. "Economic Development Matters: A Meta‐Regression Analysis on the Relation between Environmental Management and Financial Performance," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 22(4), pages 720-744, August.
    31. Vastola, Vincenzo & Russo, Angeloantonio & Vurro, Clodia, 2017. "Dealing with Cultural Differences in Environmental Management: Exploring the CEP-CFP Relationship," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 267-275.
    32. Andrew A. King & Michael J. Lenox, 2001. "Does It Really Pay to Be Green? An Empirical Study of Firm Environmental and Financial Performance: An Empirical Study of Firm Environmental and Financial Performance," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 5(1), pages 105-116, January.
    33. Junming Zhu & Chengming Fan & Haijia Shi & Lei Shi, 2019. "Efforts for a Circular Economy in China: A Comprehensive Review of Policies," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 23(1), pages 110-118, February.
    34. Ghobadian, A. & Gallear, D., 2001. "TQM implementation: an empirical examination and proposed generic model," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 343-359, August.
    35. Chengli Shu & Kevin Z. Zhou & Yazhen Xiao & Shanxing Gao, 2016. "How Green Management Influences Product Innovation in China: The Role of Institutional Benefits," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 133(3), pages 471-485, February.
    36. C. Trumpp & J. Endrikat & C. Zopf & E. Guenther, 2015. "Definition, Conceptualization, and Measurement of Corporate Environmental Performance: A Critical Examination of a Multidimensional Construct," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 126(2), pages 185-204, January.
    37. Stephen J. Brammer & Stephen Pavelin, 2006. "Corporate Reputation and Social Performance: The Importance of Fit," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(3), pages 435-455, May.
    38. Parrilli, M. Davide & Balavac-Orlić, Merima & Radicic, Dragana, 2023. "Environmental innovation across SMEs in Europe," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    39. Klaus Rennings & Christian Rammer, 2011. "The Impact of Regulation-Driven Environmental Innovation on Innovation Success and Firm Performance," Industry and Innovation, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(3), pages 255-283.
    40. Vered Blass & Charles J. Corbett, 2018. "Same Supply Chain, Different Models: Integrating Perspectives from Life Cycle Assessment and Supply Chain Management," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 22(1), pages 18-30, February.
    41. Antonella Biscione & Raul Caruso & Annunziata de Felice, 2021. "Environmental innovation in European transition countries," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(5), pages 521-535, January.
    42. Timo Busch & Gunnar Friede, 2018. "The Robustness of the Corporate Social and Financial Performance Relation: A Second‐Order Meta‐Analysis," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 25(4), pages 583-608, July.
    43. Abagail McWilliams & Donald Siegel, 2000. "Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: correlation or misspecification?," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(5), pages 603-609, May.
    44. Jan Streeck & Quirin Dammerer & Dominik Wiedenhofer & Fridolin Krausmann, 2021. "The role of socio‐economic material stocks for natural resource use in the United States of America from 1870 to 2100," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 25(6), pages 1486-1502, December.
    45. Prajogo, Daniel I. & Sohal, Amrik S., 2006. "The integration of TQM and technology/R&D management in determining quality and innovation performance," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 296-312, June.
    46. Clarkson, Peter M. & Li, Yue & Richardson, Gordon D. & Vasvari, Florin P., 2011. "Does it really pay to be green? Determinants and consequences of proactive environmental strategies," Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 122-144, March.
    47. Abagail McWilliams & David D. Van Fleet & Kenneth D. Cory, 2002. "Raising Rivals’ Costs Through Political Strategy: An Extension of Resource‐based Theory," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(5), pages 707-724, July.
    48. Xie, Xuemei & Huo, Jiage & Zou, Hailiang, 2019. "Green process innovation, green product innovation, and corporate financial performance: A content analysis method," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 697-706.
    49. David Bendig & Andreas Wagner & Kevin Lau, 2023. "Does it pay to be science‐based green? The impact of science‐based emission‐reduction targets on corporate financial performance," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 27(1), pages 125-140, February.
    50. Flavio Boccia & Pasquale Sarnacchiaro, 2018. "The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Preference: A Structural Equation Analysis," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 25(2), pages 151-163, March.
    51. Wei, Shuqin & Ang, Tyson & Jancenelle, Vivien E., 2018. "Willingness to pay more for green products: The interplay of consumer characteristics and customer participation," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 230-238.
    52. Bai Xue & Zhuang Zhang & Pingli Li, 2020. "Corporate environmental performance, environmental management and firm risk," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(3), pages 1074-1096, March.
    53. Cemal Zehir & Burcu Ozgul, 2020. "Environmental orientation and firm performance: The mediation mechanism of green innovation," International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), Center for the Strategic Studies in Business and Finance, vol. 9(5), pages 13-25, September.
    54. Jarvis, Cheryl Burke & MacKenzie, Scott B & Podsakoff, Philip M, 2003. "A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 30(2), pages 199-218, September.
    55. Ledyard Tucker & Charles Lewis, 1973. "A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 38(1), pages 1-10, March.
    56. Leena Lankoski, 2008. "Corporate responsibility activities and economic performance: a theory of why and how they are connected," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 17(8), pages 536-547, December.
    57. Hans B. Christensen & Luzi Hail & Christian Leuz, 2021. "Mandatory CSR and sustainability reporting: economic analysis and literature review," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 1176-1248, September.
    58. Tamar Makov & Tomer Fishman & Marian R. Chertow & Vered Blass, 2019. "What Affects the Secondhand Value of Smartphones: Evidence from eBay," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 23(3), pages 549-559, June.
    59. Jegoo Lee & Samuel B. Graves & Sandra Waddock, 2018. "Doing good does not preclude doing well: corporate responsibility and financial performance," Social Responsibility Journal, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 14(4), pages 764-781, September.
    60. Flavio Boccia & Rosa Malgeri Manzo & Daniela Covino, 2019. "Consumer behavior and corporate social responsibility: An evaluation by a choice experiment," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(1), pages 97-105, January.
    61. Tobias Gerwing & Peter Kajüter & Maximilian Wirth, 2022. "The role of sustainable corporate governance in mandatory sustainability reporting quality," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 92(3), pages 517-555, April.
    62. Ferreira, João J.M. & Fernandes, Cristina I. & Ferreira, Fernando A.F., 2020. "Wearing failure as a path to innovation," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 195-202.
    63. Hengky Latan & Charbel Jose Chiappetta Jabbour & Ana Beatriz Lopes De Sousa Jabbour & Douglas William Scott Renwick & Samuel Fosso Wamba & Muhammad Shahbaz, 2018. "'Too-much-of-a-good-thing'? The role of advanced eco-learning and contingency factors on the relationship between corporate environmental and financial performance," Post-Print hal-04275093, HAL.
    64. Jordi Surroca & Josep A. Tribó & Sandra Waddock, 2010. "Corporate responsibility and financial performance: the role of intangible resources," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(5), pages 463-490, May.
    65. Ismail Sila, 2018. "Linking Quality with Social and Financial Performance: A Contextual, Ethics†Based Approach," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 27(6), pages 1102-1123, June.
    66. Andrea Ballatore & Teun Johannes Verhagen & Zhije Li & Stefano Cucurachi, 2022. "This city is not a bin: Crowdmapping the distribution of urban litter," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 26(1), pages 197-212, February.
    67. Dietrich Earnhart, 2018. "The Effect of Corporate Environmental Performance on Corporate Financial Performance," Annual Review of Resource Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 10(1), pages 425-444, October.
    68. Bruna, Maria Giuseppina & Lahouel, Béchir Ben, 2022. "CSR & financial performance: Facing methodological and modeling issues commentary paper to the eponymous FRL article collection," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 44(C).
    69. Jennifer Kunz & Stephanie May & Holger J. Schmidt, 2020. "Sustainable luxury: current status and perspectives for future research," Business Research, Springer;German Academic Association for Business Research, vol. 13(2), pages 541-601, July.
    70. Stewart R. Miller & Lorraine Eden & Dan Li, 2020. "CSR Reputation and Firm Performance: A Dynamic Approach," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 163(3), pages 619-636, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ben Lahouel, Béchir & Ben Zaied, Younes & Managi, Shunsuke & Taleb, Lotfi, 2022. "Re-thinking about U: The relevance of regime-switching model in the relationship between environmental corporate social responsibility and financial performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 498-519.
    2. Wolfgang Schultze & Ramona Trommer, 2012. "The concept of environmental performance and its measurement in empirical studies," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 22(4), pages 375-412, January.
    3. Markus Hang & Jerome Geyer‐Klingeberg & Andreas Rathgeber & Stefan Stöckl, 2018. "Economic Development Matters: A Meta‐Regression Analysis on the Relation between Environmental Management and Financial Performance," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 22(4), pages 720-744, August.
    4. Achi, Awele & Adeola, Ogechi & Achi, Francis Chukwuedo, 2022. "CSR and green process innovation as antecedents of micro, small, and medium enterprise performance: Moderating role of perceived environmental volatility," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 771-781.
    5. Soh Young In & Young Joon Lee & Robert G. Eccles, 2024. "Looking back and looking forward: A scientometric analysis of the evolution of corporate sustainability research over 47 years," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(3), pages 2225-2259, May.
    6. Christoph Trumpp & Thomas Guenther, 2017. "Too Little or too much? Exploring U‐shaped Relationships between Corporate Environmental Performance and Corporate Financial Performance," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(1), pages 49-68, January.
    7. Úbeda-García, Mercedes & Claver-Cortés, Enrique & Marco-Lajara, Bartolomé & Zaragoza-Sáez, Patrocinio, 2021. "Corporate social responsibility and firm performance in the hotel industry. The mediating role of green human resource management and environmental outcomes," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 57-69.
    8. Francesco Perrini & Angeloantonio Russo & Antonio Tencati & Clodia Vurro, 2011. "Deconstructing the Relationship Between Corporate Social and Financial Performance," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 102(1), pages 59-76, March.
    9. Xiaoping Zhao & Audrey Murrell, 2022. "Does A Virtuous Circle Really Exist? Revisiting the Causal Linkage Between CSP and CFP," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 177(1), pages 173-192, April.
    10. Endah Rahayu Lestari & Nimas Mayang Sabrina Sunyoto, 2023. "Fostering green innovation in achieving sustainable performance," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 47(3), pages 413-434, August.
    11. Zeeshan Ullah, 2021. "Sustainable product attributes and firm performance: The moderating role of marketing resource intensity," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(8), pages 4107-4120, December.
    12. Ruiqian Li & Ramakrishnan Ramanathan, 2018. "Impacts of Industrial Heterogeneity and Technical Innovation on the Relationship between Environmental Performance and Financial Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-25, May.
    13. Lahouel, Béchir Ben & Taleb, Lotfi, 2025. "Beyond the linear link: Threshold effects of CSR on financial performance," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    14. Sergio Manrique & Carmen-Pilar Martí-Ballester, 2017. "Analyzing the Effect of Corporate Environmental Performance on Corporate Financial Performance in Developed and Developing Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-30, October.
    15. Shoaib Aslam & Mohamed H. Elmagrhi & Ramiz Ur Rehman & Collins G. Ntim, 2021. "Environmental management practices and financial performance using data envelopment analysis in Japan: The mediating role of environmental performance," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(4), pages 1655-1673, May.
    16. Danny Zhao‐Xiang Huang, 2022. "An integrated theory of the firm approach to environmental, social and governance performance," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(S1), pages 1567-1598, April.
    17. Antonio Martos‐Pedrero & David Jiménez‐Castillo & Vera Ferrón‐Vílchez & Francisco Joaquín Cortés‐García, 2023. "Corporate social responsibility and export performance under stakeholder view: The mediation of innovation and the moderation of the legal form," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(1), pages 248-266, January.
    18. Thomas Fischer & Angelika Sawczyn, 2013. "The relationship between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance and the role of innovation: evidence from German listed firms," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 27-52, May.
    19. Ayça Kubra Hizarci‐Payne & İlayda İpek & Gülüzar Kurt Gümüş, 2021. "How environmental innovation influences firm performance: A meta‐analytic review," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(2), pages 1174-1190, February.
    20. Juan Pineiro-Chousa & Noelia Romero-Castro & Marcos Vizcaíno-González, 2019. "Inclusions in and Exclusions from the S&P 500 Environmental and Socially Responsible Index: A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-31, February.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:bstrat:v:34:y:2025:i:7:p:8590-8619. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0836 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.