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Forced Displacement, Exposure to Conflict and Long-run Education and Income Inequality :Evidence from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

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  • Kovac,Dejan
  • Efendic,Adnan
  • Shapiro,Jacob N.

Abstract

This paper investigates the long-term relationship between conflict-related migration andindividual socioeconomic inequality. Looking at the post-conflict environments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)and Croatia, the two former Yugoslav states most heavily impacted by the conflicts of the early 1990s, the paperfocuses on differences in educational performance and income between four groups: migrants, internally displaced persons,refugees, and those who did not move two decades after the conflicts. For BiH, the analysis leverages amunicipality-representative survey (n = 6, 021) that captured self-reported education and income outcomes as wellas migration histories. For Croatia, outcomes are measured using an anonymized education registry that capturedoutcomes for over half a million individuals over time. This allows an assessment of convergence between differentcategories of migrants. In both countries, individuals with greater exposure to conflict had systematically worseeducational performance. External migrants now living in BiH have better educational and economic outcomes than those whodid not migrate, but these advantages are smaller for individuals who were forced to move. In Croatia, those whomoved during the conflict have worse educational outcomes, but there is a steady convergence between refugees andnon-migrants. This research suggests that policies intended to address migration-related discrepancies should betargeted on the basis of individual and family experiences caused by conflict.

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  • Kovac,Dejan & Efendic,Adnan & Shapiro,Jacob N., 2022. "Forced Displacement, Exposure to Conflict and Long-run Education and Income Inequality :Evidence from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10021, The World Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10021
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