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Délocalisations : simple affaire de concurrence ou problème de politique économique ?

Author

Listed:
  • Jean-Luc Gaffard

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques)

  • Michel Quéré

    (Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion)

Abstract

Suivant la perspective standard, les délocalisations ne posent aucun problème dans la mesure où la pleine concurrence prévaut sur les marchés de produit, du travail et du capital. Des changements des coûts de transport et de production peuvent, par exemple, engendrer des changements de localisation des firmes du secteur manufacturier au bénéfice des pays moins développés. Dans les pays plus développés, les emplois sont déplacés du secteur manufacturier vers le secteur des services, et l’impact éventuellement négatif sur le pouvoir d’achat des ménages de salaires nominaux plus faibles sera plus que compensé par la diminution des prix des biens importés. Le chômage sera frictionnel et temporaire, à moins que les rigidités sur le marché du travail empêchent le déplacement des emplois. Suivant une perspective évolutionnaire, les délocalisations deviennent un réel problème dans la mesure où elles sont un aspect d’un processus de destruction créatrice qui se traduit inévitablement par des distorsions locales de la structure de la capacité productive et des déséquilibres de marché. Dans cette dernière perspective, la délocalisation s’inscrit dans un processus d’ajustement. Même dans un environnement concurrentiel, elle peut être associée à un taux de chômage croissant et rendre nécessaire une intervention publique. Tout dépend, en fait, de la manière dont les problèmes de coordination sont traités. Mettre l’accent sur l’attractivité et la compétitivité des territoires peut conduire les autorités publiques à considérer implicitement le commerce international comme un jeu à somme nulle et à engager des politiques d’offre fondamentalement inappropriées qui peuvent entraîner une aggravation des déséquilibres. Aussi est-il nécessaire de déterminer sous quelles conditions des relocalisations prennent place sur un sentier qui conduit à un quasi-équilibre dynamique. Des interventions publiques sont requises, qui consistent à combiner des politiques structurelles et des politiques macroéconomiques, les premières n’étant efficaces que si les dernières promeuvent la croissance.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Luc Gaffard & Michel Quéré, 2005. "Délocalisations : simple affaire de concurrence ou problème de politique économique ?," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/6488, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/6488
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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