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The Benchmark Inclusion Subsidy

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  • Anil K. Kashyap
  • Natalia Kovrijnykh
  • Jian Li
  • Anna Pavlova

Abstract

We argue that the pervasive practice of evaluating portfolio managers relative to a benchmark has real effects. Benchmarking generates additional, inelastic demand for assets inside the benchmark. This leads to a “benchmark inclusion subsidy:” a firm inside the benchmark values an investment project more than the one outside. The same wedge arises for valuing M&A, spinoffs, and IPOs. This overturns the proposition that an investment’s value is independent of the entity considering it. We describe the characteristics that determine the subsidy, quantify its size (which could be large), and identify empirical work supporting our model’s predictions.

Suggested Citation

  • Anil K. Kashyap & Natalia Kovrijnykh & Jian Li & Anna Pavlova, 2018. "The Benchmark Inclusion Subsidy," NBER Working Papers 25337, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25337
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    Cited by:

    1. Mariana Escobar & Lorenzo Pandolfi & Alvaro Pedraza & Tomas Williams, 2021. "The Anatomy of Index Rebalancings: Evidence from Transaction Data," CSEF Working Papers 621, Centre for Studies in Economics and Finance (CSEF), University of Naples, Italy, revised 12 2021.
    2. Calomiris, Charles W. & Larrain, Mauricio & Schmukler, Sergio L. & Williams, Tomas, 2022. "Large international corporate bonds: Investor behavior and firm responses," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    3. Sotes-Paladino, Juan & Zapatero, Fernando, 2022. "Carrot and stick: A role for benchmark-adjusted compensation in active fund management," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    4. Calomiris,Charles W. & Larrain,Mauricio & Schmukler,Sergio L. & Williams,Tomas, 2019. "Search for Yield in Large International Corporate Bonds : Investor Behavior and Firm Responses," Policy Research Working Paper Series 8890, The World Bank.
    5. Broner, Fernando & Martin, Alberto & Pandolfi, Lorenzo & Williams, Tomas, 2021. "Winners and losers from sovereign debt inflows," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    6. Corum, Adrian Aycan & Malenko, Andrey & Malenko, Nadya, 2020. "Corporate Governance in the Presence of Active and Passive Delegated Investment," OSF Preprints 8n6xj, Center for Open Science.
    7. Daniel Schmidt & Bastian von Beschwitz, 2022. "Passive Ownership and Short Selling," International Finance Discussion Papers 1365, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • G31 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

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