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Politiques et performances macroéconomiques de la zone euro : institutions, incitations, stratégies

Author

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  • Eloi Laurent

    (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po)

  • Jérôme Creel

    (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po)

  • Jacques Le Cacheux

    (OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po)

Abstract

L'économie européenne, et en particulier celle de la zone euro, affichent des performances macroéconomiques visiblement moins bonnes que celles des autres régions du monde, alimentant le sentiment du déclin de l'Europe et les discours sur la nécessité de réformes structurelles et d'allégement des coûts du travail et de la protection sociale, afin de rendre à l'Union européenne sa compétitivité. Si le bien fondé du diagnostic n'est guère discutable, du moins dans ses grandes lignes et surtout pour la zone euro, l'identification des causes du mal et les remèdes proposés le sont, quant à eux, bien davantage. En effet, les institutions et les règles mises en place dans la zone euro pour gérer la monnaie unique et encadrer le maniement des politiques budgétaires nationales apparaissent clairement inappropriées, du moins dans l'interprétation généralement faite des textes européens, à la poursuite de politiques ambitieuses et coordonnées de croissance. Les autorités monétaires sont trop exclusivement préoccupées par la stabilité monétaire, dans une acception particulièrement étroite de la notion, et la politique monétaire apparaît donc insuffisamment réactive aux ralentissements et trop rapidement restrictive en cas de reprise. Cela renforce les biais procycliques contenus dans le Pacte de stabilité, en tout cas tel qu'il était interprété avant la réforme du printemps 2005. Cette règle budgétaire comporte en outre des incitations peu favorables aux politiques de croissance durable. Et le policy mix qui émerge spontanément des stratégies adoptées par les différents acteurs en réponse à ces institutions et règles engendre des évolutions du taux de change de l'euro qui poussent les gouvernements nationaux des États membres à privilégier les stratégies non coopératives, notamment la " désinflation compétitive " et la concurrence fiscale et sociale, en outre souvent encouragées par les instances européennes (Banque centrale européenne et Commission), par la composition même de l'UE, de plus en plus dominée par un nombre important de " petits pays " qui trouvent leur compte dans ces stratégies, et par les procédures communes. Ces tendances à des comportements nationaux opportunistes sont dommageables à l'Union dans son ensemble, et ne pourraient être contrées que par l'institution de meilleures règles du jeu macroéconomique, ou simplement par une interprétation des traités plus favorable à l'émergence de stratégies coopératives.

Suggested Citation

  • Eloi Laurent & Jérôme Creel & Jacques Le Cacheux, 2007. "Politiques et performances macroéconomiques de la zone euro : institutions, incitations, stratégies," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-00972703, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-00972703
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    1. Olivier Giraud & Arnaud Lechevalier, 2009. "L'éclatement de la norme d'emploi en Allemagne et en France au tournant du siècle," Post-Print halshs-00532915, HAL.
    2. Jérôme Creel & Éloi Laurent & Jacques Le Cacheux, 2009. "L'Europe en crises," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(3), pages 445-470.
    3. Eloi Laurent & Jacques Le Cacheux, 2007. "The Irish Tiger and the German Frog: A Tale of Size and Growth in the Euro Area," Working Papers hal-00972692, HAL.
    4. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/eu4vqp9ompqllr09h95ai71so is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Eloi Laurent, 2007. "If it's Broken, Don't Fix it:The Government of the Euro area in the EU "Reform Treaty"," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-00972704, HAL.
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • E42 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Monetary Sytsems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • E61 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
    • F31 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Foreign Exchange
    • N14 - Economic History - - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations - - - Europe: 1913-

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