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L'éclatement de la norme d'emploi en Allemagne et en France au tournant du siècle

Author

Listed:
  • Olivier Giraud

    (CMB - Centre Marc Bloch - MEAE - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

  • Arnaud Lechevalier

    (CMB - Centre Marc Bloch - MEAE - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

Cet article propose une analyse comparative des transformations de la norme d'emploi en France et en Allemagne depuis la fin des années 80. La norme d'emploi, qui englobe la mise en oeuvre du travail, sa rémunération, les modalités de valorisation des qualifications et la stabilité de l'emploi, est ici conçue dans cadre d'une approche en termes de policy frame qui relie, dans l'analyse de l'action publique, la lutte pour l'hégémonie entre les discours et les représentations à la transformation de l'identité des acteurs, aux changements des rapports de pouvoir au sein du champ concerné des politiques publiques et aux modalités d'institutionnalisation de ces dernières. Dans les deux pays, les transformations de la norme d'emploi intervenues au tournant du siècle sont le résultat d'une stratégie commune de maximisation des taux bruts d'emploi, dont les conditions de possibilité et les conséquences doivent être cependant analysées dans le contexte propre à chaque régime d'emploi national. Les régimes d'emploi sont eux-mêmes conçus à l'articulation de trois dimensions (Lallement, 1999) : le rapport à l'Etat et aux politiques publiques, l'évolution des rapports de force entre les groupes d'intérêts, les formes de concurrence et les structures organisationnelles dans les secteurs pertinents. Cette approche théorique, développée dans un premier temps, est ensuite mise à contribution pour caractériser de manière comparative les régimes et normes d'emploi en France et en Allemagne jusque dans les années 80. La troisième partie synthétise empiriquement une série de mutations de l'emploi intervenues, à des degrés divers, ces dernières années dans les deux pays et met en évidence quelques-unes de leurs conséquences en termes de redistribution – inégalitaire – du volume global de travail, d'instabilité de l'emploi et d'augmentation de la pauvreté laborieuse. La dernière partie s'attache à expliquer les modalités de l'éclatement de la norme d'emploi, précédemment mis en évidence, au regard des mutations caractéristiques des régimes d'emploi dans les deux pays, principalement sous l'angle du changement de policy frame dans ce domaine.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivier Giraud & Arnaud Lechevalier, 2009. "L'éclatement de la norme d'emploi en Allemagne et en France au tournant du siècle," Post-Print halshs-00532915, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00532915
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00532915v1
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