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Intraday Price Pressure and Order Flow Around U.S. Treasury Auctions

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Abstract

Using thirty-three years of intraday Treasury data, we provide the first high-frequency evidence on auction-day price pressure: yields rise in the hours before auction and reverse afterward. This pressure strengthens when dealers face tighter risk-bearing constraints and weakens when investor demand is stronger or more elastic. More importantly, net order flow dominates in explaining the pressure, providing the first direct evidence that trading transmits dealer constraints into prices. Despite concerns about dealer capacity amid rapid federal debt growth, price pressure has not increased in recent years, partly because non-dealer participants now absorb more auction supply and ease dealers’ intermediation burden.

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  • Michael J. Fleming & Weiling Liu & Giang Nguyen, 2026. "Intraday Price Pressure and Order Flow Around U.S. Treasury Auctions," Staff Reports 1188, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fednsr:102915
    DOI: 10.59576/sr.1188
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Erik Vogt & Michael Fleming & Or Shachar & Tobias Adrian, 2017. "Market Liquidity After the Financial Crisis," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 9(1), pages 43-83, November.
    2. Amin, Shehryar & Tédongap, Roméo, 2023. "The changing landscape of treasury auctions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    3. Tobias Adrian & Erkko Etula & Tyler Muir, 2014. "Financial Intermediaries and the Cross-Section of Asset Returns," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(6), pages 2557-2596, December.
    4. Chris Anderson & Weiling Liu, 2024. "Inferring Intermediary Risk Exposure from Trade," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 70(10), pages 6966-6982, October.
    5. Beetsma, Roel & Giuliodori, Massimo & de Jong, Frank & Widijanto, Daniel, 2016. "Price effects of sovereign debt auctions in the euro-zone: The role of the crisis," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 30-53.
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    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading
    • E43 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
    • H63 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt - - - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt

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