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Macroeconomic volatility and terrorism incidents in Africa

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  • Kazeem B. Ajide

Abstract

This article investigates the impact of macroeconomic volatility on terrorism in 38 African economies spanning the period from 1980 to 2012, using available data. It examines four categories of terrorism markers: domestic, transnational, uncertain, and total, and their correlation with the volatility of four macroeconomic indicators—inflation, output growth, domestic credit to the private sector, and government expenditures. The study employs the negative binomial regression estimator on both the conditional variance structures of the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and exponential GARCH (EGARCH) and the unconditional measure of a 3‐year interval time varying of measuring macroeconomic variables' volatilities on other regressors. I find, first, that inflation volatility is a significant predictor of all terrorism markers, except for transnational terrorism. This implies that high inflation volatility is linked to increased domestic terrorism. Second, the role of domestic credit to the private sector in mitigating transnational terrorist activities highlights the importance of stable private sector access to credit in reducing such incidents. Third, government consumption expenditure volatility has a dual effect on terrorism: it amplifies domestic terrorism but serves as a mitigating factor for total terrorism. This indicates that stable government expenditure can reduce overall terrorism, but might increase domestic terrorism. Last, other variables—such as population, ethnicity, conflicts, surface areas, and lagged terrorism values—are also found to influence the examined terrorism measures. For robustness, I employ alternative statistical techniques, including Poisson Pseudo‐maximum likelihood (PPML) estimation with multiple high‐dimensional fixed effects (HDFE). In summary, this study emphasizes the critical role of addressing inflation volatility in macroeconomic policies as a primary measure to counter terrorism. Stable economic conditions, particularly in relation to inflation, can significantly contribute to reducing terrorism in African economies. 本文利用现有数据,研究了1980年至2012年间宏观经济波动对38个非洲经济体的恐怖主义的影响。研究了四类恐怖主义指标,即国内恐怖主义、跨国恐怖主义、不确定恐怖主义和总体恐怖主义,并研究了它们与四项宏观经济指标波动的关联,这四项宏观经济指标分别为通货膨胀、产出增长、国内私营部门信贷和政府支出。本研究采用负二项回归估计量,既包括广义自回归条件异方差(GARCH)和指数GARCH(EGARCH)的条件方差结构,也包括“测量宏观经济变量对其他回归变量波动性的3年间隔时变”的非条件测量。研究得出以下结论:第一,通货膨胀波动被认为是除跨国恐怖主义之外所有恐怖主义指标的重要预测因素。这意味着高通货膨胀波动与国内恐怖主义增加有关。第二,国内私营部门信贷在减轻跨国恐怖活动方面的作用强调了私营部门稳定的信贷渠道在减少此类事件方面的重要性。第三,政府消费支出波动对恐怖主义有双重影响;它加剧了国内恐怖主义,但也是缓解总体恐怖主义的因素。这表明,稳定的政府支出能减少总体恐怖主义,但可能会增加国内恐怖主义。最后,其他变量,如人口族群性、冲突、地表面积和滞后恐怖主义值,也会影响所考察的恐怖主义指标。至于稳健性,本研究同样采用了替代统计技术,包括具有多个高维固定效应(HDFE)的泊松伪最大似然(PPML)估计。总之,本文强调了“应对通胀波动”在宏观经济政策中作为打击恐怖主义的主要措施的关键作用。稳定的经济条件,特别是与通胀有关的经济条件,能为减少非洲经济体的恐怖主义作重要贡献。 Este artículo investiga el impacto de la volatilidad macroeconómica sobre el terrorismo en 38 economías africanas que abarcan el período de 1980 a 2012, utilizando los datos disponibles. Examina cuatro categorías de marcadores de terrorismo: nacional, transnacional, incierto y total, y su correlación con la volatilidad de cuatro indicadores macroeconómicos: inflación, crecimiento de la producción, créditos internos al sector privado y gasto gubernamental. El estudio emplea el estimador de regresión binomial negativa tanto en las estructuras de varianza condicional de la heterocedasticidad condicional autorregresiva generalizada (GARCH) como en la medida incondicional de un intervalo de 3 años que varía en el tiempo para medir la volatilidad de las variables macroeconómicas en otros regresores., el estudio arroja los siguientes hallazgos: Primero, la volatilidad de la inflación se identifica como un predictor significativo de todos los marcadores de terrorismo, excepto el terrorismo transnacional. Esto implica que la alta volatilidad de la inflación está vinculada a un aumento del terrorismo interno. En segundo lugar, el papel de los créditos internos al sector privado en la mitigación de las actividades terroristas transnacionales, destacando la importancia del acceso estable del sector privado al crédito para reducir tales incidentes. En tercer lugar, la volatilidad del gasto de consumo del gobierno tiene un doble efecto sobre el terrorismo; amplifica el terrorismo interno pero sirve como factor mitigante del terrorismo total. Esto indica que un gasto gubernamental estable puede reducir el terrorismo en general, pero podría aumentar el terrorismo interno. Por último, también se encuentra que otras variables, como el origen étnico de la población, los conflictos, las superficies y los valores rezagados del terrorismo, influyen en las medidas antiterroristas examinadas. Para mayor solidez, la investigación emplea igualmente técnicas estadísticas alternativas, incluida la estimación de pseudomáxima verosimilitud de Poisson (PPML) con múltiples efectos fijos de alta dimensión (HDFE). En resumen, este artículo enfatiza el papel fundamental de abordar la volatilidad de la inflación en las políticas macroeconómicas como medida primaria para contrarrestar el terrorismo. Las condiciones económicas estables, particularmente en relación con la inflación, pueden contribuir significativamente a reducir el terrorismo en las economías africanas.

Suggested Citation

  • Kazeem B. Ajide, 2024. "Macroeconomic volatility and terrorism incidents in Africa," World Affairs, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 187(4), pages 506-531, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:woraff:v:187:y:2024:i:4:p:506-531
    DOI: 10.1002/waf2.12050
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    References listed on IDEAS

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