IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/povpop/v15y2023i1p29-47.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Re‐evaluating the behavioral change from conditional cash transfers: Evidence from the Avancemos National Program in Costa Rica

Author

Listed:
  • Jaime A. Meza‐Cordero
  • Michaela Gulemetova

Abstract

Conditional cash transfers (CCT) have become a common solution aiming to reduce poverty by increasing the human capital of children. In 2006, the Government of Costa Rica introduced Avancemos, a nationwide CCT program, with the premise that a monetary subsidy, conditional on school attendance, would offset adolescents' opportunity cost from working and increase secondary school completion. In this paper, we assess whether the program achieved its main objective of increasing secondary schooling and reducing adolescent labor, and we disentangle the mechanisms generating these effects. We used data from the Costa Rica National Household Survey (2006–2014) collected by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses. The program effects are estimated through a propensity score matching technique. We find that for program beneficiaries, Avancemos led to increases of about 27% in attendance and 0.72 year of schooling, and a decrease of 6% in the likelihood of labor participation. We also present evidence that economic vulnerability is not the only or main cause for school dropout and argue that efforts complementary to CCT, such as improving instruction quality and offering more information on the returns to education, are needed to increase attendance and completion and to reduce child labor outcomes. 有条件现金转移支付(CCT)已成为一种常见的解决方案,旨在通过增加儿童的人力资本来减少贫困。2006年,哥斯达黎加政府推出了Avancemos这一全国性CCT计划,其假设以入学率为条件的货币补贴将抵消青少年工作的机会成本并提高中学毕业率。本文中,我们评估了该计划是否实现了增加中学教育和减少青少年劳动这一主要目标,并且我们理清了产生这些影响的机制。我们使用了国家人口普查和统计研究所收集的哥斯达黎加全国家庭调查(2006‐2014)数据。通过倾向得分匹配法估计Avancemos计划的效果。我们发现,Avancemos计划使受益人的上学率增加了约27%,受教育年限增加了0.72年,参与劳动的可能性降低了6%。我们还提供证据表明,经济脆弱性不是辍学的唯一或主要原因,并论证认为,需要与CCT相辅相成的一系列举措(例如提升教学质量和教育回报信息),以提高出勤率和毕业率,并减少童工结果。 Las transferencias monetarias condicionadas (CCT, por sus siglas en inglés) se han convertido en una solución común para reducir la pobreza aumentando el capital humano de los niños. En 2006, el Gobierno de Costa Rica introdujo Avancemos, un programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas a nivel nacional, bajo la premisa de que un subsidio monetario, condicionado a la asistencia escolar, compensaría el costo de oportunidad laboral de los adolescentes y aumentaría la finalización de la escuela secundaria. En este artículo, evaluamos si el programa logró su objetivo principal de aumentar la escolaridad secundaria y reducir el trabajo adolescente, y desentrañamos los mecanismos que generan estos efectos. Utilizamos datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares de Costa Rica (2006‐2014) recopilados por el Instituto Nacional de Censos y Estadísticas. Los efectos del programa se estiman a través de una técnica de emparejamiento de puntuación de propensión. Encontramos que Avancemos condujo a un aumento de alrededor del 27 por ciento de asistencia y 0,72 años de escolaridad, y una disminución del 6 por ciento en la probabilidad de participación laboral para los beneficiarios del programa. También proporcionamos evidencia de que la vulnerabilidad económica no es la única o principal causa de la deserción escolar y argumentamos que se necesitan esfuerzos complementarios a las TMC, como la mejora de la calidad de la instrucción y la información sobre los retornos a la educación, para aumentar la asistencia y la finalización, y reducir resultados del trabajo infantil.

Suggested Citation

  • Jaime A. Meza‐Cordero & Michaela Gulemetova, 2023. "Re‐evaluating the behavioral change from conditional cash transfers: Evidence from the Avancemos National Program in Costa Rica," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 15(1), pages 29-47, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:15:y:2023:i:1:p:29-47
    DOI: 10.1002/pop4.359
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.359
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/pop4.359?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Emmanuel Skoufias & Susan Wendy Parker, 2001. "Conditional Cash Transfers and Their Impact on Child Work and Schooling: Evidence from the PROGRESA Program in Mexico," Economía Journal, The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association - LACEA, vol. 0(Fall 2001), pages 45-96, August.
    2. Orazio Attanasio & Emla Fitzsimons & Ana Gomez & Martha Isabel Gutiérrez & Costas Meghir & Alice Mesnard, 2010. "Children's Schooling and Work in the Presence of a Conditional Cash Transfer Program in Rural Colombia," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 58(2), pages 181-210, January.
    3. Jere R. Behrman & Susan W. Parker & Petra E. Todd, 2011. "Do Conditional Cash Transfers for Schooling Generate Lasting Benefits?: A Five-Year Followup of PROGRESA/Oportunidades," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 46(1), pages 93-122.
    4. George Psacharopoulos & Harry Anthony Patrinos, 2018. "Returns to investment in education: a decennial review of the global literature," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(5), pages 445-458, September.
    5. Mata, Catherine & Hernández, Karla, 2015. "Conditional cash transfer impact evaluation: an evaluation of the costa rican secondary education program Avancemos," Revista de Ciencias Económicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, vol. 33(1), December.
    6. Villatoro S., Pablo, 2005. "Programas de transferencias monetarias condicionadas: experiencias en América Latina," Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), August.
    7. Ravallion, Martin & Wodon, Quentin, 2000. "Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 110(462), pages 158-175, March.
    8. Paul Schultz, T., 2004. "School subsidies for the poor: evaluating the Mexican Progresa poverty program," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1), pages 199-250, June.
    9. Behrman, Jere R & Sengupta, Piyali & Todd, Petra, 2005. "Progressing through PROGRESA: An Impact Assessment of a School Subsidy Experiment in Rural Mexico," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 54(1), pages 237-275, October.
    10. Jere R. Behrman & Susan W. Parker & Petra E. Todd, 2009. "Schooling Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfers on Young Children: Evidence from Mexico," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 57(3), pages 439-477, April.
    11. Suzanne Duryea & Andrew Morrison, 2004. "The Effect of Conditional Transfers on School Performance and Child Labor: Evidence from an Ex-Post Impact Evaluation in Costa Rica," Research Department Publications 4359, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
    12. James J. Heckman & Hidehiko Ichimura & Petra Todd, 1998. "Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 65(2), pages 261-294.
    13. Sandra García & Juan Saavedra, 2017. "Educational Impacts and Cost-Effectiveness of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta-Analysis," NBER Working Papers 23594, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jacobus de Hoop & Jed Friedman & Eeshani Kandpal & Furio C. Rosati, 2019. "Child Schooling and Child Work in the Presence of a Partial Education Subsidy," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 54(2), pages 503-531.
    2. Jiménez, Maribel. & Jiménez, Mónica., 2015. "Asistencia escolar y participación laboral de los adolescentes en Argentina : el impacto de la Asignación Universal por Hijo," ILO Working Papers 994889043402676, International Labour Organization.
    3. Kitaura, Koji & Miyazawa, Kazutoshi, 2021. "Inequality and conditionality in cash transfers: Demographic transition and economic development," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 276-287.
    4. Jacobus de Hoop & Furio C. Rosati, 2014. "Cash Transfers and Child Labor," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 29(2), pages 202-234.
    5. Carla Canelas & Miguel Niño‐Zarazúa, 2019. "Schooling and Labor Market Impacts of Bolivia's Bono Juancito Pinto Program," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 45(S1), pages 155-179, December.
    6. Dirk Van de gaer & Joost Vandenbossche & José Luis Figueroa, 2014. "Children's Health Opportunities and Project Evaluation: Mexico's Oportunidades Program," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 28(2), pages 282-310.
    7. Figueroa, José Luis, 2014. "Distributional effects of Oportunidades on early child development," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 42-49.
    8. Edmonds, Eric V. & Shrestha, Maheshwor, 2014. "You get what you pay for: Schooling incentives and child labor," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 196-211.
    9. Jinnat Ara & Dipanwita Sarkar & Jayanta Sarkar, 2021. "Like mother like daughter? Occupational mobility among children under asset transfer program in Bangladesh," QuBE Working Papers 061, QUT Business School.
    10. Carla Canelas & Miguel Niño-Zarazúa, 2018. "Schooling and labour market impacts of Bolivia's Bono Juancito Pinto," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2018-36, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    11. Carla Canelas & Miguel Niño-Zarazúa, 2018. "Schooling and labour market impacts of Bolivia’s Bono Juancito Pinto," WIDER Working Paper Series 036, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    12. Jorge Valero‐Gil & Magali Valero, 2022. "Why has there been a fall in child labour and an increase in school attendance in Mexico?," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 40(6), November.
    13. André, Pierre & Delesalle, Esther & Dumas, Christelle, 2021. "Returns to farm child labor in Tanzania," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    14. Achyuta Adhvaryu & Teresa Molina & Anant Nyshadham & Jorge Tamayo, 2023. "Helping Children Catch Up: Early Life Shocks and the PROGRESA Experiment," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 134(657), pages 1-22.
    15. Tang, Can & Zhao, Liqiu & Zhao, Zhong, 2019. "Free Education Helps Combat Child Labor? The Effect of a Free Compulsory Education Reform in Rural China," IZA Discussion Papers 12374, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    16. Andrea R. Ferro & Ana Lúcia Kassouf & Deborah Levison, 2010. "The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on household work decisions in Brazil," Research in Labor Economics, in: Child Labor and the Transition between School and Work, pages 193-218, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
    17. Molina, Teresa & Vidiella-Martin, Joaquim, 2021. "Conditional Cash Transfers and Labor Market Conditions," IZA Discussion Papers 14667, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    18. Carlos Chiapa & Laura Juarez, 2016. "The schooling repayment hypothesis for private transfers: evidence from the PROGRESA/Oportunidades experiment," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 14(4), pages 811-828, December.
    19. Khiem, Phuong Huu & Linh, Dinh Hong & Tai, Do Anh & Dung, Nguyen Dac, 2020. "Does tuition fee policy reform encourage poor children’s school enrolment? Evidence from Vietnam," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 109-124.
    20. Galiani, Sebastian & McEwan, Patrick J., 2013. "The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 85-96.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:15:y:2023:i:1:p:29-47. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-2858 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.