IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/mgtdec/v46y2025i8p4397-4413.html

The Optimal Cooperation Model of a New Energy Vehicle Supply Chain With Asymmetric Quality Information

Author

Listed:
  • Lian Ding
  • Peng Ma
  • Yuzhuo Qiu
  • Panos M. Pardalos

Abstract

This paper investigates the optimal cooperation model of a new energy vehicle (NEV) supply chain comprising one NEV manufacturer and one power battery supplier. Considering asymmetric quality information, this paper develops the signaling game and the Stackelberg game to compare three cooperation models: the wholesale model, the joint venture model, and the patent licensing model. The results show that (1) under the wholesale model with asymmetric quality information, the separating equilibrium is a stable dominant equilibrium. The H‐type supplier may upwardly distort the wholesale price to separate from the L‐type supplier. (2) Compared with the wholesale model, the joint venture model and the patent licensing model may not be better. The choice of the optimal cooperation model is related to the cost of the high‐quality power battery, the joint venture share, and the fixed patent licensing fee. (3) The information sharing enables Pareto improvements in the ex‐ante profits. Furthermore, government subsidies can stimulate consumption and enhance ex‐ante profits, but their effects vary substantially across different cooperation models.

Suggested Citation

  • Lian Ding & Peng Ma & Yuzhuo Qiu & Panos M. Pardalos, 2025. "The Optimal Cooperation Model of a New Energy Vehicle Supply Chain With Asymmetric Quality Information," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 46(8), pages 4397-4413, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:mgtdec:v:46:y:2025:i:8:p:4397-4413
    DOI: 10.1002/mde.70023
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.70023
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/mde.70023?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Niyazi Taneri & Pascale Crama, 2021. "Turning the Tables in Research and Development Licensing Contracts," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(9), pages 5838-5856, September.
    2. Luo, Qi & Saigal, Romesh & Chen, Zhibin & Yin, Yafeng, 2019. "Accelerating the adoption of automated vehicles by subsidies: A dynamic games approach," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 226-243.
    3. Feng Yang & Chuanya Jiao & Sheng Ang, 2019. "The optimal technology licensing strategy under supply disruption," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(7), pages 2057-2082, April.
    4. Bourreau, Marc & Doğan, Pınar & Manant, Matthieu, 2016. "Size of RJVs with partial cooperation in product development," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 77-106.
    5. Yu, Feifei & Guo, Yue & Le-Nguyen, Khuong & Barnes, Stuart J. & Zhang, Weiting, 2016. "The impact of government subsidies and enterprises’ R&D investment: A panel data study from renewable energy in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 106-113.
    6. Liang Guo, 2020. "Upstream Exploitation and Strategic Disclosure," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 39(5), pages 923-938, September.
    7. Hong, Xianpei & Govindan, Kannan & Xu, Lei & Du, Peng, 2017. "Quantity and collection decisions in a closed-loop supply chain with technology licensing," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 256(3), pages 820-829.
    8. Wickham, David & Hawkes, Adam & Jalil-Vega, Francisca, 2022. "Hydrogen supply chain optimisation for the transport sector – Focus on hydrogen purity and purification requirements," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    9. Zhou, Rui & Liao, Yi & Shen, Wenjing & Yang, Shilei, 2020. "Channel selection and fulfillment service contracts in the presence of asymmetric service information," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    10. Li, Zhitang & Zhang, Cuihua & Xu, Henry & Lyu, Ruxia, 2023. "The optimal vehicle product line strategy considering product information disclosure under government carbon regulation," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    11. Zha, Yong & Wu, Xiangxiang & Liu, Haonan & Yu, Yugang, 2023. "Impact of a Platform Developer's Entry on the Device Manufacturer with Different Power Structures and Revenue Models," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    12. Gu, Xiaoyu & Ieromonachou, Petros & Zhou, Li, 2019. "Subsidising an electric vehicle supply chain with imperfect information," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 82-97.
    13. He Li & Erbao Cao, 2023. "Competitive crowdfunding under asymmetric quality information," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 329(1), pages 657-688, October.
    14. Wu, Cheng-Han & Kao, Yi-Jhe, 2018. "Cooperation regarding technology development in a closed-loop supply chain," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 267(2), pages 523-539.
    15. Ruixiao Dong & Xu Guan & Baoshan Liu & Sihua Chen, 2023. "Coopetition strategy in an imbalanced competitive environment," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 61(3), pages 910-938, February.
    16. Li, Jizi & Ku, Yaoyao & Yu, Yue & Liu, Chunling & Zhou, Yuping, 2020. "Optimizing production of new energy vehicles with across-chain cooperation under China’s dual credit policy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    17. Zhang, Jianqiang & Cao, Qingning & He, Xiuli, 2019. "Contract and product quality in platform selling," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 272(3), pages 928-944.
    18. Hao Zhao, 2000. "Raising Awareness and Signaling Quality to Uninformed Consumers: A Price-Advertising Model," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 19(4), pages 390-396, January.
    19. Zhuang Miao & Tomas Baležentis & Zhihua Tian & Shuai Shao & Yong Geng & Rui Wu, 2019. "Environmental Performance and Regulation Effect of China’s Atmospheric Pollutant Emissions: Evidence from “Three Regions and Ten Urban Agglomerations”," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 74(1), pages 211-242, September.
    20. Cheng, Yongwei & Fan, Tijun, 2021. "Production coopetition strategies for an FV automaker and a competitive NEV automaker under the dual-credit policy," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    21. Jingqi Wang & Tingliang Huang & Junghee Lee, 2023. "Cross-Licensing in a Supply Chain with Asymmetric Manufacturers," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, INFORMS, vol. 25(5), pages 1855-1872, September.
    22. Li, Zhiguo & Xie, Faqi & Zhang, Han & Zhang, Hongwu, 2024. "Signaling quality through price guarantee window for technology-related products," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 313(2), pages 669-677.
    23. Ma, Haicheng & Lou, Gaoxiang & Fan, Tijun & Chan, Hing Kai & Chung, Sai Ho, 2021. "Conventional automotive supply chains under China's dual-credit policy: fuel economy, production and coordination," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    24. Zhang, Jianxiong & Li, Sa & Zhang, Shichen & Dai, Rui, 2019. "Manufacturer encroachment with quality decision under asymmetric demand information," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 273(1), pages 217-236.
    25. Xia, Xiaoning & Li, Pengwei & Cheng, Yang, 2024. "Economic and environmental evaluation of different collection models for spent power batteries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Qiao, Haike & Su, Qin, 2021. "Distribution channel and licensing strategy choice considering consumer online reviews in a closed-loop supply chain," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    2. Yu, Yi & Zha, Donglan & Zhou, Dequn & Wang, Qunwei, 2025. "Promoting the adoption of electric vehicles through private charging infrastructure: Should subsidies be for the builder or non-builder?," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    3. Feng Liu & Yingshuang Tan & Sudipto Sarkar & Xueqing Zhang & Xingjun Huang, 2023. "When to invest in electric vehicles under dual credit policy: A real options approach," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(4), pages 2186-2198, June.
    4. Lian Ding & Xiaodong Zhu, 2023. "The Impact of the Dual-Credit Policy on Production and Cooperative R&D in the Automotive Supply Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-18, January.
    5. Ying Xie & Jie Wu & Xiao Zhou & Yongxiang Sheng, 2024. "The impact of consumer preferences on the evolution of competition in China’s automobile market under the Dual Credit Policy—A density game based perspective," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(3), pages 1-25, March.
    6. Zhang, Guangxia & Gong, Yeming & Hong, Xianpei, 2022. "Free rider effect of quality information disclosure in remanufacturing," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    7. Liangui Peng & Ying Li & Hui Yu, 2021. "Effects of Dual Credit Policy and Consumer Preferences on Production Decisions in Automobile Supply Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, May.
    8. Ma, Miaomiao & Meng, Weidong & Li, Yuyu & Huang, Bo, 2023. "Impact of dual credit policy on new energy vehicles technology innovation with information asymmetry," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    9. Meng, Weidong & Ma, Miaomiao & Li, Yuyu & Huang, Bo, 2022. "New energy vehicle R&D strategy with supplier capital constraints under China's dual credit policy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    10. Jinhuan Tang & Xinying Si & Qiong Wu & Xiangchen Li, 2024. "Research on complex dynamic behavior of automakers based on complex system theory," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(12), pages 1-21, December.
    11. Lifeng Mu & Yan Wang & Vijayan Sugumaran, 2025. "OEM's optimal remanufacturing mode considering patent license under different commission contracts with platform," Electronic Commerce Research, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 1753-1792, June.
    12. Wang, Yuyan & Zhang, Xiaozhen & Cheng, T.C.E. & Wu, Tsung-Hsien, 2023. "Choice of the co-opetition model for a new energy vehicle supply chain under government subsidies," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    13. Yu, Hui & Li, Ying & Wang, Wei, 2023. "Optimal innovation strategies of automakers with market competition under the dual-credit policy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    14. Yushi Wang & Licheng Sun & Shilong Li, 2022. "Production Decisions of Automakers Considering the Impact of Anticipated Regret under the Dual-Credit Policy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
    15. Fan, Jianchang & Ni, Debing & Fang, Xiang, 2020. "Liability cost sharing, product quality choice, and coordination in two-echelon supply chains," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 284(2), pages 514-537.
    16. Zhang, Abraham & Wang, Jason X. & Farooque, Muhammad & Wang, Yulan & Choi, Tsan-Ming, 2021. "Multi-dimensional circular supply chain management: A comparative review of the state-of-the-art practices and research," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    17. Zhenyang Pi & Ke Wang, 2026. "Operations and decarbonization of gasoline vehicle automakers under the dual credit policy: green technology innovation and electric vehicle market entry strategies," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 359(1), pages 363-394, April.
    18. Cheng-Han Wu, 2021. "Production-quality policy for a make-from-stock remanufacturing system," Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal, Springer, vol. 33(2), pages 425-456, June.
    19. Zhang, Qian & Li, Yongjian & Hou, Pengwen & Wang, Jun, 2024. "Price signal or blockchain technology? Quality information disclosure in dual-channel supply chains," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 316(1), pages 126-137.
    20. Pietro De Giovanni & Georges Zaccour, 2022. "A selective survey of game-theoretic models of closed-loop supply chains," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 314(1), pages 77-116, July.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:mgtdec:v:46:y:2025:i:8:p:4397-4413. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/7976 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.