Contract farming and sustainability: the case of organic soybean producers in Togo

Contract farming (CF) has emerged as a critical mechanism for enhancing agricultural sustainability by improving smallholder farmers’ access to inputs, technical assistance, and markets. This study examines the impact of CF on the environmental, economic, and social sustainability of organic soybean production in the Tchamba and Est-Mono prefectures of Togo. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 140 organic soybean farmers, including both contract and non-contract growers. The findings reveal that CF significantly enhances economic sustainability, with contract farmers achieving higher profitability compared to non-contract farmers, largely due to improved access to credit, input supply, and market stability. Environmental sustainability exhibits a moderate score, with CF fostering better soil conservation practices but limiting crop rotation diversity. In contrast, social sustainability remains a challenge, particularly in food security and household expenditure contributions, where non-contract farmers tend to perform better. The study highlights the dual nature of CF: while it enhances market efficiency and economic resilience, it may also introduce constraints on diversification and social well-being. Policy interventions should focus on strengthening cooperative networks, promoting sustainable soil management practices, and encouraging income diversification to improve the long-term sustainability of organic soybean farming in Togo.