IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jcsosc/v8y2025i3d10.1007_s42001-025-00383-x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

SME crisis management and performance: leveraging algorithm supported induction to unravel complexity

Author

Listed:
  • Byron Graham

    (Queen’s University Belfast)

  • Karolis Matikonis

    (University College Dublin)

Abstract

This study contributes to the future directions of SME crisis management literature through algorithm supported induction by exploring the complex relationships between SMEs’ strategic responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and their performance. Using data from the UK Longitudinal Small Business Survey, decision tree algorithms and explainable artificial intelligence techniques reveal how configurations of strategic actions and contextual factors shape performance outcomes. The analysis also uncovers dominant determinants and highlights previously overlooked non-linear and asymmetric relationships. Key findings emphasise the critical roles of responses to lockdown measures, utilization of the furlough scheme, and the interplay of firm size and age, which interact in complex configurations exhibiting asymmetry and non-linearity. This understanding provides a basis for informing future research directions, hypotheses, and strategies for SMEs to navigate crises and enhance resilience.

Suggested Citation

  • Byron Graham & Karolis Matikonis, 2025. "SME crisis management and performance: leveraging algorithm supported induction to unravel complexity," Journal of Computational Social Science, Springer, vol. 8(3), pages 1-33, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jcsosc:v:8:y:2025:i:3:d:10.1007_s42001-025-00383-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s42001-025-00383-x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s42001-025-00383-x
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s42001-025-00383-x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Haque, AKM Bahalul & Islam, A.K.M. Najmul & Mikalef, Patrick, 2023. "Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) from a user perspective: A synthesis of prior literature and problematizing avenues for future research," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 186(PA).
    2. Karolis Matikonis & Matthew Gobey, 2024. "Small Business Property Tax Reductions and Firm Productivity," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 62(1), pages 307-324, January.
    3. Virginia Simón-Moya & Lorenzo Revuelto-Taboada & Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano, 2016. "Influence of economic crisis on new SME survival: reality or fiction?," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(1-2), pages 157-176, January.
    4. Delen, Dursun & Zolbanin, Hamed M., 2018. "The analytics paradigm in business research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 186-195.
    5. Jantunen, Ari & Ellonen, Hanna-Kaisa & Johansson, Anette, 2012. "Beyond appearances – Do dynamic capabilities of innovative firms actually differ?," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 141-155.
    6. Addis Birhanu & Yamlaksira Getachew & Addisu Lashitew, 2022. "Gender Differences in Enterprise Performance During the COVID-19 Crisis: Do Public Policy Responses Matter?," Post-Print hal-04041935, HAL.
    7. Graham, Byron & Bonner, Karen, 2022. "One size fits all? Using machine learning to study heterogeneity and dominance in the determinants of early-stage entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 42-59.
    8. Hausman, Angela & Johnston, Wesley J., 2014. "The role of innovation in driving the economy: Lessons from the global financial crisis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(1), pages 2720-2726.
    9. Gagan Deep Sharma & Sascha Kraus & Amogh Talan & Mrinalini Srivastava & Christina Theodoraki, 2024. "Navigating the storm: the SME way of tackling the pandemic crisis," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 63(1), pages 221-241, June.
    10. Garry D. Bruton & David Ahlstrom & Johnny C. C. Wan, 2003. "Turnaround in East Asian firms: evidence from ethnic Overseas Chinese communities," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(6), pages 519-540, June.
    11. Sanjay K. Arora & Yin Li & Jan Youtie & Philip Shapira, 2020. "Measuring dynamic capabilities in new ventures: exploring strategic change in US green goods manufacturing using website data," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 45(5), pages 1451-1480, October.
    12. Matthias Breier & Andreas Kallmuenzer & Thomas Clauss & Johanna Gast & Sascha Kraus & Victor Tiberius, 2021. "The role of business model innovation in the hospitality industry during the COVID-19 crisis," Post-Print hal-03514806, HAL.
    13. Christopher B. Bingham & Koen H. Heimeriks & Mario Schijven & Stephen Gates, 2015. "Concurrent learning: How firms develop multiple dynamic capabilities in parallel," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(12), pages 1802-1825, December.
    14. Hongqi Wang & Tianyi Zhao & Sarah Y. Cooper & Shanshan Wang & Richard T. Harrison & Zhongji Yang, 2023. "Effective policy mixes in entrepreneurial ecosystems: a configurational analysis in China," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 60(4), pages 1509-1542, April.
    15. Martin Obschonka & David B. Audretsch, 2019. "Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Entrepreneurship: A New Era Has Begun," Papers 1906.00553, arXiv.org.
    16. Prithwiraj Choudhury & Ryan T. Allen & Michael G. Endres, 2021. "Machine learning for pattern discovery in management research," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(1), pages 30-57, January.
    17. Maksim Belitski & Christina Guenther & Alexander S. Kritikos & Roy Thurik, 2022. "Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(2), pages 593-609, February.
    18. Hoshi, Takeo & Kawaguchi, Daiji & Ueda, Kenichi, 2023. "Zombies, again? The COVID-19 business support programs in Japan," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    19. Omar R. Malik & Masaaki Kotabe, 2009. "Dynamic Capabilities, Government Policies, and Performance in Firms from Emerging Economies: Evidence from India and Pakistan," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(3), pages 421-450, May.
    20. Viral V. Acharya & Matteo Crosignani & Tim Eisert & Sascha Steffen, 2022. "Zombie Lending: Theoretical, International, and Historical Perspectives," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 14(1), pages 21-38, November.
    21. Alexander W. Bartik & Marianne Bertrand & Zoë B. Cullen & Edward L. Glaeser & Michael Luca & Christopher T. Stanton, 2020. "How Are Small Businesses Adjusting to COVID-19? Early Evidence from a Survey," NBER Working Papers 26989, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    22. Higueras-Castillo, Elena & Liébana-Cabanillas, Francisco J. & Villarejo-Ramos, Ángel F., 2023. "Intention to use e-commerce vs physical shopping. Difference between consumers in the post-COVID era," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    23. Richard Arend, 2014. "Entrepreneurship and dynamic capabilities: how firm age and size affect the ‘capability enhancement–SME performance’ relationship," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 42(1), pages 33-57, January.
    24. Mahto, Raj V. & Llanos-Contreras, Orlando & Hebles, Melany, 2022. "Post-disaster recovery for family firms: The role of owner motivations, firm resources, and dynamic capabilities," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 117-129.
    25. Kusa, Rafał & Duda, Joanna & Suder, Marcin, 2022. "How to sustain company growth in times of crisis: The mitigating role of entrepreneurial management," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 377-386.
    26. Viglia, Giampaolo & Abrate, Graziano, 2017. "When distinction does not pay off - Investigating the determinants of European agritourism prices," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 45-52.
    27. Kaisu Puumalainen & Helena Sjögrén & Juha Soininen & Pasi Syrjä & Sascha Kraus, 2023. "Crisis response strategies and entrepreneurial orientation of SMEs: A configurational analysis on performance impacts," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 1527-1559, December.
    28. Klyver, Kim & Nielsen, Suna Løwe, 2021. "Which crisis strategies are (expectedly) effective among SMEs during COVID-19?," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 16(C).
    29. repec:hal:journl:hal-04325552 is not listed on IDEAS
    30. Lorraine Uhlaner & André Stel & Valérie Duplat & Haibo Zhou, 2013. "Disentangling the effects of organizational capabilities, innovation and firm size on SME sales growth," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 41(3), pages 581-607, October.
    31. Yacine Belghitar & Andrea Moro & Nemanja Radić, 2022. "When the rainy day is the worst hurricane ever: the effects of governmental policies on SMEs during COVID-19," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(2), pages 943-961, February.
    32. Fan Li & Lin Wang & Zhigang Jin & Lifang Huang & Bo Xia, 2020. "Key factors affecting sustained business operations after an earthquake: a case study from New Beichuan, China, 2013–2017," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 104(1), pages 101-121, October.
    33. Gelhard, Carsten & von Delft, Stephan & Gudergan, Siegfried P., 2016. "Heterogeneity in dynamic capability configurations: Equifinality and strategic performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 5272-5279.
    34. Ali, Imran & Arslan, Ahmad & Chowdhury, Maruf & Khan, Zaheer & Tarba, Shlomo Y., 2022. "Reimagining global food value chains through effective resilience to COVID-19 shocks and similar future events: A dynamic capability perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1-12.
    35. Christopher B. Bingham & Koen H. Heimeriks & Mario Schijven & Stephen Gates, 2015. "Concurrent learning: How firms develop multiple dynamic capabilities in parallel," Post-Print hal-01252834, HAL.
    36. Granja, João & Makridis, Christos & Yannelis, Constantine & Zwick, Eric, 2022. "Did the paycheck protection program hit the target?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(3), pages 725-761.
    37. Julian Oliver Dörr & Georg Licht & Simona Murmann, 2022. "Small firms and the COVID-19 insolvency gap," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(2), pages 887-917, February.
    38. Seetharaman, Priya, 2020. "Business models shifts: Impact of Covid-19," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    39. Marc Cowling & Weixi Liu & Ning Zhang, 2018. "Did firm age, experience, and access to finance count? SME performance after the global financial crisis," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 28(1), pages 77-100, January.
    40. Climent, Francisco & Momparler, Alexandre & Carmona, Pedro, 2019. "Anticipating bank distress in the Eurozone: An Extreme Gradient Boosting approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 885-896.
    41. Elisabeth Baia & João J Ferreira & Ricardo Rodrigues, 2020. "Value and rareness of resources and capabilities as sources of competitive advantage and superior performance," Knowledge Management Research & Practice, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(3), pages 249-262, July.
    42. Xie, Zhimin & Wang, Xia & Xie, Lingmin & Dun, Shuai & Li, Jiaxin, 2021. "Institutional context and female entrepreneurship: A country-based comparison using fsQCA," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 470-480.
    43. María Teresa Ballestar & Pilar Grau-Carles & Jorge Sainz, 2019. "Predicting customer quality in e-commerce social networks: a machine learning approach," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 13(3), pages 589-603, June.
    44. Archibugi, Daniele & Filippetti, Andrea & Frenz, Marion, 2013. "The impact of the economic crisis on innovation: Evidence from Europe," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 80(7), pages 1247-1260.
    45. Yash Raj Shrestha & Vivianna Fang He & Phanish Puranam & Georg von Krogh, 2021. "Algorithm Supported Induction for Building Theory: How Can We Use Prediction Models to Theorize?," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 32(3), pages 856-880, May.
    46. Awe, Olajumoke A. & Woodside, Arch G. & Nerur, Sridhar & Prater, Edmund, 2020. "Capturing heterogeneities in orchestrating resources for accurately forecasting high (separately low) project management performance," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    47. Brown, Ross & Rocha, Augusto, 2020. "Entrepreneurial uncertainty during the Covid-19 crisis: Mapping the temporal dynamics of entrepreneurial finance," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 14(C).
    48. David J. Teece & Gary Pisano & Amy Shuen, 1997. "Dynamic capabilities and strategic management," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(7), pages 509-533, August.
    49. Müge Adalet McGowan & Dan Andrews & Valentine Millot & Thorsten BeckManaging Editor, 2018. "The walking dead? Zombie firms and productivity performance in OECD countries," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 33(96), pages 685-736.
    50. Graham, Byron & Bonner, Karen, 2024. "The role of institutions in early-stage entrepreneurship: An explainable artificial intelligence approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    51. Vivien Lefebvre, 2023. "Mobilizing potential slack and firm performance: Evidence from French SMEs before and during the COVID-19 period," Post-Print hal-04585954, HAL.
    52. Kathleen M. Eisenhardt & Jeffrey A. Martin, 2000. "Dynamic capabilities: what are they?," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(10‐11), pages 1105-1121, October.
    53. R Maria del Rio-Chanona & Penny Mealy & Anton Pichler & François Lafond & J Doyne Farmer, 2020. "Supply and demand shocks in the COVID-19 pandemic: an industry and occupation perspective," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press and Oxford Review of Economic Policy Limited, vol. 36(Supplemen), pages 94-137.
    54. Björklund, Tua A. & Mikkonen, Maria & Mattila, Pauliina & van der Marel, Floris, 2020. "Expanding entrepreneurial solution spaces in times of crisis: Business model experimentation amongst packaged food and beverage ventures," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 14(C).
    55. Jantunen, Ari & Tarkiainen, Anssi & Chari, Simos & Oghazi, Pejvak, 2018. "Dynamic capabilities, operational changes, and performance outcomes in the media industry," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 251-257.
    56. Jabeur, Sami Ben & Ballouk, Houssein & Mefteh-Wali, Salma & Omri, Anis, 2022. "Forecasting the macrolevel determinants of entrepreneurial opportunities using artificial intelligence models," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    57. Conti, Claudio Ramos & Goldszmidt, Rafael & Vasconcelos, Flávio Carvalho de, 2020. "Firm characteristics and capabilities that enable superior performance in recessions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 553-561.
    58. Addis G. Birhanu & Yamlaksira S. Getachew & Addisu A. Lashitew, 2022. "Gender Differences in Enterprise Performance During the COVID-19 Crisis: Do Public Policy Responses Matter?," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 46(5), pages 1374-1401, September.
    59. Schade, Philipp & Schuhmacher, Monika C., 2023. "Predicting entrepreneurial activity using machine learning," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 19(C).
    60. Thorgren, Sara & Williams, Trenton Alma, 2020. "Staying alive during an unfolding crisis: How SMEs ward off impending disaster," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 14(C).
    61. Paul A. Pavlou & Omar A. El Sawy, 2010. "The “Third Hand”: IT-Enabled Competitive Advantage in Turbulence Through Improvisational Capabilities," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 21(3), pages 443-471, September.
    62. Abhirup Chakrabarti, 2015. "Organizational adaptation in an economic shock: The role of growth reconfiguration," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(11), pages 1717-1738, November.
    63. Woodside, Arch G., 2014. "Embrace•perform•model: Complexity theory, contrarian case analysis, and multiple realities," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(12), pages 2495-2503.
    64. Ron Tidhar & Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, 2020. "Get rich or die trying… finding revenue model fit using machine learning and multiple cases," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(7), pages 1245-1273, July.
    65. Rui J. P. de Figueiredo & Emilie R. Feldman & Evan Rawley, 2019. "The costs of refocusing: Evidence from hedge fund closures during the financial crisis," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(8), pages 1268-1290, August.
    66. Eggers, Fabian, 2020. "Masters of disasters? Challenges and opportunities for SMEs in times of crisis," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 199-208.
    67. Sidney G. Winter, 2003. "Understanding dynamic capabilities," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(10), pages 991-995, October.
    68. Shaker A. Zahra & Harry J. Sapienza & Per Davidsson, 2006. "Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Capabilities: A Review, Model and Research Agenda," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(4), pages 917-955, June.
    69. Drăgan, George Bogdan & Ben Arfi, Wissal & Tiberius, Victor & Ammari, Aymen, 2023. "Gravitating exogenous shocks to the next normal through entrepreneurial coopetive interactions: A PLS-SEM and fsQCA approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Graham, Byron & Bonner, Karen, 2024. "The role of institutions in early-stage entrepreneurship: An explainable artificial intelligence approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    2. Marcus Dejardin & Mario L. Raposo & João J. Ferreira & Cristina I. Fernandes & Pedro M. Veiga & Luís Farinha, 2023. "The impact of dynamic capabilities on SME performance during COVID-19," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 17(5), pages 1703-1729, July.
    3. Staples, Aaron J. & Deming, Kristopher & Malone, Trey & Carpenter, Craig W. & Weiler, Stephan, 2024. "Pouring the Paycheck Protection Program into craft beer: PPP employment effects in service-intensive industries," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 21(C).
    4. Stav Fainshmidt & Amir Pezeshkan & M. Lance Frazier & Anil Nair & Edward Markowski, 2016. "Dynamic Capabilities and Organizational Performance: A Meta-Analytic Evaluation and Extension," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(8), pages 1348-1380, December.
    5. Mikalef, Patrick & Pateli, Adamantia, 2017. "Information technology-enabled dynamic capabilities and their indirect effect on competitive performance: Findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1-16.
    6. Klöckner, Maximilian & Schmidt, Christoph G. & Wagner, Stephan M. & Swink, Morgan, 2023. "Firms’ responses to the COVID-19 pandemic," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    7. Nycil George & Anita Kerai, 2024. "Ordinary capabilities and firm performance: The role of capital market development," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 41(1), pages 233-274, March.
    8. Bitencourt, Claudia Cristina & de Oliveira Santini, Fernando & Ladeira, Wagner Junior & Santos, Ana Clarissa & Teixeira, Eduardo Kunzel, 2020. "The extended dynamic capabilities model: A meta-analysis," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 108-120.
    9. Hang T. T. Nguyen & Hanh Song Thi Pham & Susan Freeman, 2023. "Dynamic capabilities in tourism businesses: antecedents and outcomes," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 17(5), pages 1645-1680, July.
    10. Sebrek, Szabolcs S. & Romme, A. Georges L. & Kosztyán, Zsolt T., 2025. "How to create dynamic capabilities: A design science study," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    11. Rui Silva & Cidália Oliveira, 2020. "The Influence of Innovation in Tangible and Intangible Resource Allocation: A Qualitative Multi Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-22, June.
    12. Altintas, Gulsun & Ambrosini, Véronique & Gudergan, Siegfried, 2022. "MNE dynamic capabilities in (un)related diversification," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 28(1).
    13. Shore, Adam & Tiwari, Manisha & Tandon, Priyanka & Foropon, Cyril, 2024. "Building entrepreneurial resilience during crisis using generative AI: An empirical study on SMEs," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    14. Zhang, Ruihan & Li, Xiaodong & Yan, Xin & Bian, Yiwen, 2024. "Does customer concentration matter in business model value: Threshold effects of carbon emissions and dynamic capabilities?," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    15. Dubey, Rameshwar & Gunasekaran, Angappa & Childe, Stephen J. & Bryde, David J. & Giannakis, Mihalis & Foropon, Cyril & Roubaud, David & Hazen, Benjamin T., 2020. "Big data analytics and artificial intelligence pathway to operational performance under the effects of entrepreneurial orientation and environmental dynamism: A study of manufacturing organisations," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    16. Kusa, Rafał & Duda, Joanna & Suder, Marcin, 2022. "How to sustain company growth in times of crisis: The mitigating role of entrepreneurial management," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 377-386.
    17. Maja Pervan & Marijana Curak & Tomislava Pavic Kramaric, 2017. "The Influence of Industry Characteristics and Dynamic Capabilities on Firms’ Profitability," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(1), pages 1-19, December.
    18. Shepherd, Dean A. & Pollack, Jeffrey M., 2025. "A listening model of venture growth: entrepreneurs' listening abilities and ventures' listening capabilities," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 40(1).
    19. Hendrik Wilhelm & Indre Maurer & Mark Ebers, 2022. "(When) Are Dynamic Capabilities Routine? A Mixed‐Methods Configurational Analysis," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(6), pages 1531-1562, September.
    20. Gelhard, Carsten & von Delft, Stephan & Gudergan, Siegfried P., 2016. "Heterogeneity in dynamic capability configurations: Equifinality and strategic performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 5272-5279.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:jcsosc:v:8:y:2025:i:3:d:10.1007_s42001-025-00383-x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.