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Going beyond the surface: heterogeneous effect of on-site water access for women

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  • Fareena Noor Malhi

    (University of the Punjab)

Abstract

This paper examines the effect of the public infrastructure investment on time allocation patterns, focusing on the heterogeneity within females based on their intra-household gender roles in the context of rural Pakistan. It analyzes the association between the public infrastructure investment (access to on-site drinking water) and the time allocation in labor market work (paid and subsistence), household and care work, as well as in learning, leisure, and self-maintenance using Pakistan Time Use Data 2007 with seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) approach. Full sample of females is divided into sub-samples by household type, nuclear and multi-generational households and intra-household gender roles are captured by relationship to the household head (spouse, daughter/grand-daughter, mother, daughter-in-law). The results indicate significant heterogeneity among females explained by their gender roles. Access to water, reallocates the time saved from unpaid work towards subsistence work and self-maintenance with negative effect on learning. While the access to water reduces the household work for a wife in a nuclear household and for the mother-in-law in a multigenerational household, there is no effect on the time spent in household or care work for the daughter-in-law.

Suggested Citation

  • Fareena Noor Malhi, 2022. "Going beyond the surface: heterogeneous effect of on-site water access for women," Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics, Springer;Fondazione Edison, vol. 39(2), pages 461-491, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:epolit:v:39:y:2022:i:2:d:10.1007_s40888-021-00252-6
    DOI: 10.1007/s40888-021-00252-6
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Water access; Multi-generational households; Daughter-in-law; Mother-in-law; Household work;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D13 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Production and Intrahouse Allocation
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

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