National strategy for climate change adaptability: a case study of extreme climate-vulnerable countries

Countries face extreme climate-related adaptation challenges, but some countries are more vulnerable due to their geographic location and socioeconomic conditions. These differences in vulnerabilities between countries motivated us to examine the socioeconomic factors and climate change adaptation relationship. The objective is to capture the impact of the socioeconomic factors on the climate change adaptation index for selected developing countries that influence vulnerability or adaptation. Dynamic panel data from 1995 to 2019 are used for four developing countries. The results reveal that fossil fuel increases vulnerability in the long run. However, education, patents, and domestic credit to the private sector positively influence adaptation. Hence, the selected countries’ governments must encourage renewable energy consumption with a special focus on municipal solid waste, which is abundant in selected developing countries.