IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v12y2020i23p10141-d456855.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Impact of Employed Labor Force, Investment, and Remittances on Economic Growth in EU Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Georgeta Soava

    (Department of Statistics and Economic Informatics, University of Craiova, A.I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania)

  • Anca Mehedintu

    (Department of Statistics and Economic Informatics, University of Craiova, A.I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania)

  • Mihaela Sterpu

    (Department of Mathematics, University of Craiova, A.I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania)

  • Mircea Raduteanu

    (Procurement Directorate, University of Craiova, A.I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania)

Abstract

This paper analyzes the evolution and influence of gross domestic product per capita, labor force participation rate, gross fixed capital formation, and personal remittances on economic growth for European Union (EU) countries, using data from the World Bank (1996–2019) and from Eurostat (the first two quarters 2019–2020). The study has three components: statistical analysis, analysis of the evolution for each country and EU, and estimation of the impact on economic growth rate by using a linear multifactorial regression model for 1996–2019, 1996–2008, and 2009–2019. The model was validated by econometric techniques. The long-term causal relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables was validated by the Granger test. The results of the study show a differentiated evolution of the indicators, and that all indicators are severely affected by the 2008 financial crisis and the debut of the COVID-19 crisis in early 2020. The model used shows the significant positive influence of labor and investment, and the minor effect of remittances on economic growth. In the context of the COVID-19 epidemic, the results of the study could be arguments to be considered for the redesign of economic policies at European Union level.

Suggested Citation

  • Georgeta Soava & Anca Mehedintu & Mihaela Sterpu & Mircea Raduteanu, 2020. "Impact of Employed Labor Force, Investment, and Remittances on Economic Growth in EU Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-31, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:23:p:10141-:d:456855
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/23/10141/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/23/10141/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. E. M. Ekanayake & Carlos Moslares, 2020. "Do Remittances Promote Economic Growth and Reduce Poverty? Evidence from Latin American Countries," Economies, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-26, May.
    2. Ibrahim Ahamada & Dramane Coulibaly, 2013. "Remittances And Growth In Sub‐Saharan African Countries: Evidence From A Panel Causality Test," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(3), pages 310-324, April.
    3. Lim, Sokchea & Simmons, Walter O., 2015. "Do remittances promote economic growth in the Caribbean Community and Common Market?," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 42-59.
    4. Imai, Katsushi S. & Gaiha, Raghav & Ali, Abdilahi & Kaicker, Nidhi, 2014. "Remittances, growth and poverty: New evidence from Asian countries," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 524-538.
    5. Petra Valickova & Tomas Havranek & Roman Horvath, 2015. "Financial Development And Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(3), pages 506-526, July.
    6. Supriyo De & Ergys Islamaj & M. Ayhan Kose & S. Reza Yousefi, 2019. "Remittances over the business cycle: Theory and evidence," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 48(3), November.
    7. Combes, Jean-Louis & Kinda, Tidiane & Ouedraogo, Rasmané & Plane, Patrick, 2019. "Financial flows and economic growth in developing countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 195-209.
    8. Werner Eichhorst & Paul Marx & Caroline Wehner, 2017. "Labor market reforms in Europe: towards more flexicure labor markets?," Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 51(1), pages 1-17, December.
    9. Guy J. Abel & Stuart Gietel-Basten, 2020. "International remittance flows and the economic and social consequences of COVID-19," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 52(8), pages 1480-1482, November.
    10. Shushu Li & Jinglan Zhang & Yong Ma, 2015. "Financial Development, Environmental Quality and Economic Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(7), pages 1-22, July.
    11. Kwiatkowski, Denis & Phillips, Peter C. B. & Schmidt, Peter & Shin, Yongcheol, 1992. "Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root : How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 54(1-3), pages 159-178.
    12. Calin-Adrian Comes & Elena Bunduchi & Valentina Vasile & Daniel Stefan, 2018. "The Impact of Foreign Direct Investments and Remittances on Economic Growth: A Case Study in Central and Eastern Europe," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-16, January.
    13. Fromentin, Vincent, 2017. "The long-run and short-run impacts of remittances on financial development in developing countries," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 192-201.
    14. Jakhongir Kakhkharov & Nicholas Rohde, 2020. "Remittances and financial development in transition economies," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 59(2), pages 731-763, August.
    15. Anca Mehedintu & Georgeta Soava & Mihaela Sterpu, 2019. "The Effect of Remittances on Poverty in the Emerging Countries of the European Union," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-14, June.
    16. Alina Petronela Haller & Rodica Cristina Butnaru & Gina Ionela Butnaru, 2018. "International Migrant Remittances in the Context of Economic and Social Sustainable Development. A Comparative Study of Romania-Bulgaria," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-34, April.
    17. Christian Nsiah & Bichaka Fayissa, 2013. "Remittances and economic growth in Africa, Asia, and Latin American-Caribbean countries: a panel unit root and panel cointegration analysis," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 37(3), pages 424-441, July.
    18. Werner Eichhorst & Paul Marx & Caroline Wehner, 2017. "Labor market reforms in Europe: towards more flexicure labor markets?," Journal for Labour Market Research, Springer;Institute for Employment Research/ Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), vol. 51(1), pages 1-17, December.
    19. Ficawoyi Donou-Adonsou & Gyan Pradhan & Hem C. Basnet, 2020. "Remittance inflows and financial development: evidence from the top recipient countries in Sub-Saharan Africa," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(53), pages 5807-5820, November.
    20. Ray Barrell & John Fitzgerald & Rebecca Riley, 2010. "EU Enlargement and Migration: Assessing the Macroeconomic Impacts," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(2), pages 373-395, March.
    21. Soma Rani Sutradhar, 2020. "The impact of remittances on economic growth in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka," International Journal of Economic Policy Studies, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 275-295, February.
    22. Gazi Mainul Hassan & Shamim Shakur, 2017. "Nonlinear Effects of Remittances on Per Capita GDP Growth in Bangladesh," Economies, MDPI, vol. 5(3), pages 1-11, July.
    23. Ibrahim Ahamada & Dramane Coulibaly, 2013. "Remittances and growth in Sub-Saharan African countries," Post-Print hal-01385853, HAL.
    24. Azizi, SeyedSoroosh, 2018. "The impacts of workers' remittances on human capital and labor supply in developing countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 377-396.
    25. Maty Konte, 2018. "Do remittances not promote growth? A finite mixture-of-regressions approach," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 747-782, March.
    26. repec:bla:jcmkts:v:48:y:2010:i::p:373-395 is not listed on IDEAS
    27. Kalpana Sahoo & Narayan Sethi, 2017. "Impact of Foreign Capital on Economic Development in India: An Econometric Investigation," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 18(3), pages 766-780, June.
    28. Murshed Chowdhury, 2016. "Financial Development, Remittances and Economic Growth: Evidence Using a Dynamic Panel Estimation," Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, National Council of Applied Economic Research, vol. 10(1), pages 35-54, February.
    29. Mohammed Ziaur Rehman & Nasir Ali & Najeeb Muhammad Nasir, 2015. "Financial Development, Savings and Economic Growth: Evidence from Bahrain Using VAR," International Journal of Financial Research, International Journal of Financial Research, Sciedu Press, vol. 6(2), pages 112-123, April.
    30. Cazachevici, Alina & Havranek, Tomas & Horvath, Roman, 2020. "Remittances and economic growth: A meta-analysis," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    31. Alkhathlan, Khalid A., 2013. "The nexus between remittance outflows and growth: A study of Saudi Arabia," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 695-700.
    32. Sobiech, Izabela, 2019. "Remittances, finance and growth: Does financial development foster the impact of remittances on economic growth?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 44-59.
    33. repec:hal:pseose:hal-00674688 is not listed on IDEAS
    34. Campos,Nauro F. & De Grauwe,Paul & Ji,Yuemei (ed.), 2020. "Economic Growth and Structural Reforms in Europe," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9781108479110, September.
    35. Laurentiu Tachiciu, 2019. "Sustainable Business and Consumption Trends 2019," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, vol. 21(S13), pages 740-740, November.
    36. repec:iab:iabjlr:v:51:i:1:p:art.3 is not listed on IDEAS
    37. Anupam Das & Adian McFarlane & Young Cheol Jung, 2019. "Remittances and GDP in Jamaica: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration," International Economic Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(2), pages 365-381, April.
    38. Ebele Stella Nwokoye & Clement Izuchukwu Igbanugo & Stephen Kelechi Dimnwobi, 2020. "International migrant remittances and labour force participation in Nigeria," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 32(2), pages 125-137, June.
    39. Michael Takudzwa Pasara & Rufaro Garidzirai, 2020. "Causality Effects among Gross Capital Formation, Unemployment and Economic Growth in South Africa," Economies, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-12, April.
    40. Durusu-Ciftci, Dilek & Ispir, M. Serdar & Yetkiner, Hakan, 2017. "Financial development and economic growth: Some theory and more evidence," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 290-306.
    41. Vincent Fromentin, 2017. "The long-run and short-run impacts of remittances on financial development in developing countries," Post-Print halshs-02152600, HAL.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Richardson Kojo Edeme & Ekene ThankGod Emeka & Jonathan Emenike Ogbuabor, 2024. "Global Uncertainty, Climate Change and the Unemployment-Economic Growth Relationship in Nigeria," Journal of Development Policy and Practice, , vol. 9(2), pages 238-256, July.
    2. Yugang He & Chunlei Wang, 2022. "Does Buddhist Tourism Successfully Result in Local Sustainable Development?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-15, March.
    3. Grzegorz Ignatowski & Łukasz Sułkowski & Bartłomiej Stopczyński, 2021. "Risk of Increased Acceptance for Organizational Nepotism and Cronyism during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-35, March.
    4. Oltean Ovidiu & Taylor Andrew, 2023. "Back to the Future: How the Convergence of Globalization and Technology is Changing Labour and Mobility," Social Change Review, Sciendo, vol. 20(1), pages 19-44, December.
    5. Muntasir Murshed & Haider Mahmood & Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb & Mohga Bassim, 2020. "The Impacts of Energy Consumption, Energy Prices and Energy Import-Dependency on Gross and Sectoral Value-Added in Sri Lanka," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-22, December.
    6. Kazi Musa & Norli Ali & Jamaliah Said & Farha Ghapar & Oleg Mariev & Norhayati Mohamed & Hirnissa Mohd Tahir, 2023. "Does the Effectiveness of Budget Deficit Vary between Welfare and Non-Welfare Countries?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-22, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Anca Mehedintu & Georgeta Soava & Mihaela Sterpu, 2019. "Remittances, Migration and Gross Domestic Product from Romania’s Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-19, December.
    2. Cazachevici, Alina & Havranek, Tomas & Horvath, Roman, 2019. "Remittances and Economic Growth: A Quantitative Survey," EconStor Preprints 205812, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    3. Cazachevici, Alina & Havranek, Tomas & Horvath, Roman, 2020. "Remittances and economic growth: A meta-analysis," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    4. Anca Mehedintu & Georgeta Soava & Mihaela Sterpu, 2019. "The Effect of Remittances on Poverty in the Emerging Countries of the European Union," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-14, June.
    5. Fromentin, Vincent & Leon, Florian, 2019. "Remittances and credit in developed and developing countries: A dynamic panel analysis," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 310-320.
    6. Milin Ioana Anda & Bușan Gabriela & Ecobici Nicolae & Abdul Rehman, 2023. "Economic Growth Drivers in Romania: Evidence from a NARDL Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-19, March.
    7. Njangang, Henri & Nembot Ndeffo, Luc & Noubissi Domguia, Edmond & Fosto Koyeu, Prevost, 2018. "The long-run and short-run effects of foreign direct investment, foreign aid and remittances on economic growth in African countries," MPRA Paper 89747, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Abdullah Mohammed Al-Malki & Mehboob-Ul Hassan & Jabbar Ul-Haq, 2023. "Nexus between remittance outflows and economic growth in GCC countries: the mediating role of financial development," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(46), pages 5451-5463, October.
    9. Ait Benhamou, Zouhair & Cassin, Lesly, 2021. "The impact of remittances on savings, capital and economic growth in small emerging countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 789-803.
    10. Francois, John Nana & Ahmad, Nazneen & Keinsley, Andrew & Nti-Addae, Akwasi, 2022. "Heterogeneity in the long-run remittance-output relationship: Theory and new evidence," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    11. Md. Saiful Islam, 2022. "Do personal remittances influence economic growth in South Asia? A panel analysis," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(1), pages 242-258, February.
    12. P. Jijin & Alok Kumar Mishra & M. Nithin, 2022. "Macroeconomic determinants of remittances to India," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(2), pages 1229-1248, May.
    13. Jamiu Adetola Odugbesan & Tomiwa Adebayo Sunday & Gbolahan Olowu, 2021. "Asymmetric effect of financial development and remittance on economic growth in MINT economies: an application of panel NARDL," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 7(1), pages 1-9, December.
    14. Hathroubi, Salem & Aloui, Chaker, 2016. "On interactions between remittance outflows and Saudi Arabian macroeconomy: New evidence from wavelets," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 32-45.
    15. Waliu O. Shittu & Gazi M. Hassan & Frank G. Scrimgeour, 2023. "COVID-19 and the Role of Remittances on Sustainable Development: Insights from Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers in Economics 23/05, University of Waikato.
    16. Acheampong, Alex O. & Appiah-Otoo, Isaac & Dzator, Janet & Agyemang, Kwabena Koforobour, 2021. "Remittances, financial development and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for post-COVID-19 macroeconomic policies," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 43(6), pages 1365-1387.
    17. Esmeralda Jushi & Eglantina Hysa & Arjona Cela & Mirela Panait & Marian Catalin Voica, 2021. "Financing Growth through Remittances and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidences from Balkan Countries," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-17, March.
    18. Sahibzada, Irfan Ullah, 2023. "To what extent do sovereign rating actions affect global equity market sectors?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 240-261.
    19. Jindrich Matousek & Tomas Havranek & Zuzana Irsova, 2022. "Individual discount rates: a meta-analysis of experimental evidence," Experimental Economics, Springer;Economic Science Association, vol. 25(1), pages 318-358, February.
    20. Ma, Yechi & Chen, Zhiguo & Shinwari, Riazullah & Khan, Zeeshan, 2021. "Financialization, globalization, and Dutch disease: Is Dutch disease exist for resources rich countries?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:23:p:10141-:d:456855. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.