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Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among U.S. Children (2–5 Years) Differ by Family Income to Poverty Ratio, NHANES 2011–2018

Author

Listed:
  • Katia Fadeyev

    (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55304, USA)

  • Sayaka Nagao-Sato

    (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55304, USA)

  • Marla Reicks

    (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55304, USA)

Abstract

Family income may influence nutrient and food group intakes among preschool children, thus increasing risk of nutrient deficiencies. This study compared nutrient and food group intakes and diet quality among a U.S. sample of children 2–5 years of age by family income to poverty ratio (PIR) based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2018) data ( n = 2249). Regression analyses were used to compare dietary intakes based on proxy-reported 24-h dietary recalls and Healthy Eating Index-2015 total scores by low PIR versus mid-high PIR levels adjusted for covariates. PIR levels varied by child race/ethnicity and household reference person’s sex, marital status, and education. More than half of the children in the low PIR group (56%) were reported to have received WIC benefits in the past year. Marginally lower calcium ( p = 0.008) and lower fiber intakes, lower total HEI-2015 scores, and lower intakes of fruits and whole grain foods (all p < 0.007) were observed among children in low PIR households compared to mid-high PIR households. However, iron intakes were higher ( p = 0.0003) among children in low PIR households compared to mid-high PIR households. Lack of other differences in nutrient and food group intakes may be attributable to WIC benefits.

Suggested Citation

  • Katia Fadeyev & Sayaka Nagao-Sato & Marla Reicks, 2021. "Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among U.S. Children (2–5 Years) Differ by Family Income to Poverty Ratio, NHANES 2011–2018," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-10, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:22:p:11938-:d:678542
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Okrent, Abigail M. & Kumcu, Aylin, 2016. "U.S. Households’ Demand for Convenience Foods," Economic Research Report 262195, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    2. Bhattacharya, Jayanta & Currie, Janet & Haider, Steven, 2004. "Poverty, food insecurity, and nutritional outcomes in children and adults," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(4), pages 839-862, July.
    3. Alaimo, K. & Olson, C.M. & Frongillo E.A., Jr. & Briefel, R.R., 2001. "Food insufficiency, family income, and health in US preschool and school-aged children," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 91(5), pages 781-786.
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