IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i7p2450-d780488.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Which Factors Determine CO 2 Emissions in China? Trade Openness, Financial Development, Coal Consumption, Economic Growth or Urbanization: Quantile Granger Causality Test

Author

Listed:
  • Zhenkai Yang

    (Department of Finance, School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, No. 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China)

  • Mei-Chih Wang

    (Department of Insurance and Finance, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, 129 Sec. 3, Sanmin Rd., Taichung 404336, Taiwan)

  • Tsangyao Chang

    (Department of Finance, College of Finance, Feng Chia University, No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Xitun District, Taichung 40724, Taiwan)

  • Wing-Keung Wong

    (Department of Finance, Fintech & Blockchain Research Center, and Big Data Research Center, Asia University, 500 Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
    Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
    Department of Economics and Finance, Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China)

  • Fangjhy Li

    (Department of Finance, School of Finance, Hubei University of Economics, No. 8 Yangqiaohu Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430205, China)

Abstract

The current study employs a Granger causality test within a Quantile approach investigating CO 2 emission determinants in China. Results show urbanization, financial development and openness to trade are leading determinants of CO 2 emissions in China. These results highlight climate change issues while taking advantage of a new methodology to fill a gap in the current literature. Our findings show key implications for PRC government policy related to pollutant reduction policy.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhenkai Yang & Mei-Chih Wang & Tsangyao Chang & Wing-Keung Wong & Fangjhy Li, 2022. "Which Factors Determine CO 2 Emissions in China? Trade Openness, Financial Development, Coal Consumption, Economic Growth or Urbanization: Quantile Granger Causality Test," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-18, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:7:p:2450-:d:780488
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2450/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2450/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Farhani, Sahbi & Chaibi, Anissa & Rault, Christophe, 2014. "CO2 emissions, output, energy consumption, and trade in Tunisia," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 426-434.
    2. Goh, Soo Khoon & Sam, Chung Yan & McNown, Robert, 2017. "Re-examining foreign direct investment, exports, and economic growth in asian economies using a bootstrap ARDL test for cointegration," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 12-22.
    3. Huan Zhou & Shaojian Qu & Qinglu Yuan & Shilei Wang, 2020. "Spatial Effects and Nonlinear Analysis of Energy Consumption, Financial Development, and Economic Growth in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-18, September.
    4. Zhu, Hui-Ming & You, Wan-Hai & Zeng, Zhao-fa, 2012. "Urbanization and CO2 emissions: A semi-parametric panel data analysis," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 117(3), pages 848-850.
    5. Hatemi-J, Abdulnasser & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2012. "Is the causal nexus of energy utilization and economic growth asymmetric in the US?," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 461-469.
    6. Wai-Ming To & Peter K. C. Lee, 2017. "Energy Consumption and Economic Development in Hong Kong, China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-13, November.
    7. repec:ipg:wpaper:2014-582 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Tamazian, Artur & Bhaskara Rao, B., 2010. "Do economic, financial and institutional developments matter for environmental degradation? Evidence from transitional economies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 137-145, January.
    9. Tae Yong Jung & Yong-Gun Kim & Jongwoo Moon, 2021. "The Impact of Demographic Changes on CO 2 Emission Profiles: Cases of East Asian Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-14, January.
    10. Nazlioglu, Saban & Gormus, N. Alper & Soytas, Uğur, 2016. "Oil prices and real estate investment trusts (REITs): Gradual-shift causality and volatility transmission analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 168-175.
    11. Rosa Carbonell-Bojollo & Oscar Veroz-Gonzalez & Rafaela Ordoñez-Fernandez & Manuel Moreno-Garcia & Gottlieb Basch & Amir Kassam & Miguel A. Repullo-Ruiberriz de Torres & Emilio J. Gonzalez-Sanchez, 2019. "The Effect of Conservation Agriculture and Environmental Factors on CO 2 Emissions in a Rainfed Crop Rotation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-19, July.
    12. Gallant, A. Ronald & Souza, Geraldo, 1991. "On the asymptotic normality of Fourier flexible form estimates," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 50(3), pages 329-353, December.
    13. Rui Xing & Tatsuya Hanaoka & Yuko Kanamori & Toshihiko Masui, 2017. "Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions of China’s Residential Sector: The Importance of Considering Energy Transition," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-17, April.
    14. Gallant, A. Ronald, 1981. "On the bias in flexible functional forms and an essentially unbiased form : The fourier flexible form," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 211-245, February.
    15. Selden Thomas M. & Song Daqing, 1994. "Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 147-162, September.
    16. Wei, Yi-Ming & Liu, Lan-Cui & Fan, Ying & Wu, Gang, 2007. "The impact of lifestyle on energy use and CO2 emission: An empirical analysis of China's residents," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 247-257, January.
    17. Polzin, Friedemann & Sanders, Mark, 2020. "How to finance the transition to low-carbon energy in Europe?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    18. Gene M. Grossman & Alan B. Krueger, 1995. "Economic Growth and the Environment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 110(2), pages 353-377.
    19. Zhou, X. & Fan, L.W. & Zhou, P., 2015. "Marginal CO2 abatement costs: Findings from alternative shadow price estimates for Shanghai industrial sectors," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 109-117.
    20. Chen, Shiyi & Jin, Hao & Lu, Yulin, 2019. "Impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions and energy consumption structure: A panel data analysis for Chinese prefecture-level cities," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 107-119.
    21. Sheng-Wen Tseng, 2019. "Analysis of Energy-Related Carbon Emissions in Inner Mongolia, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-20, December.
    22. Wang, Shaojian & Fang, Chuanglin & Guan, Xingliang & Pang, Bo & Ma, Haitao, 2014. "Urbanisation, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in China: A panel data analysis of China’s provinces," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 738-749.
    23. Zhang, Chuanguo & Lin, Yan, 2012. "Panel estimation for urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions: A regional analysis in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 488-498.
    24. Jiang, Zhujun & Lin, Boqiang, 2012. "China's energy demand and its characteristics in the industrialization and urbanization process," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 608-615.
    25. Khanna, Nina Zheng & Zhou, Nan & Fridley, David & Fino-Chen, Cecilia, 2013. "Evaluation of China's local enforcement of energy efficiency standards and labeling programs for appliances and equipment," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 646-655.
    26. Donald W. Jones, 1989. "Urbanization and Energy Use In Economic Development," The Energy Journal, , vol. 10(4), pages 29-45, October.
    27. Li Li & Xuefei Hong & Dengli Tang & Ming Na, 2016. "GHG Emissions, Economic Growth and Urbanization: A Spatial Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(5), pages 1-16, May.
    28. Liu, Yaobin, 2009. "Exploring the relationship between urbanization and energy consumption in China using ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) and FDM (factor decomposition model)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(11), pages 1846-1854.
    29. Sebri, Maamar & Ben-Salha, Ousama, 2014. "On the causal dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: Fresh evidence from BRICS countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 14-23.
    30. Fuzhong Chen & Guohai Jiang & Getachew Magnar Kitila, 2021. "Trade Openness and CO 2 Emissions: The Heterogeneous and Mediating Effects for the Belt and Road Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, February.
    31. Larch, Mario & Wanner, Joschka, 2017. "Carbon tariffs: An analysis of the trade, welfare, and emission effects," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 195-213.
    32. Kai Cheng & Hsin-Pei Hsueh & Omid Ranjbar & Mei-Chih Wang & Tsangyao Chang, 2021. "Urbanization, coal consumption and CO2 emissions nexus in China using bootstrap Fourier Granger causality test in quantiles," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 31-49, April.
    33. repec:ipg:wpaper:201415 is not listed on IDEAS
    34. Li, Ke & Lin, Boqiang, 2015. "Impacts of urbanization and industrialization on energy consumption/CO2 emissions: Does the level of development matter?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1107-1122.
    35. Yebing Fang & Limao Wang & Zhoupeng Ren & Yan Yang & Chufu Mou & Qiushi Qu, 2017. "Spatial Heterogeneity of Energy-Related CO 2 Emission Growth Rates around the World and Their Determinants during 1990–2014," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-17, March.
    36. Tamazian, Artur & Chousa, Juan Piñeiro & Vadlamannati, Krishna Chaitanya, 2009. "Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 246-253, January.
    37. Fan, Jing-Li & Zhang, Yue-Jun & Wang, Bing, 2017. "The impact of urbanization on residential energy consumption in China: An aggregated and disaggregated analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 220-233.
    38. Christian Bayer & Christoph Hanck, 2013. "Combining non-cointegration tests," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(1), pages 83-95, January.
    39. Xue-ting Jiang & Min Su & Rongrong Li, 2018. "Investigating the Factors Influencing the Decoupling of Transport-Related Carbon Emissions from Turnover Volume in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-17, August.
    40. Wang, Shaojian & Zeng, Jingyuan & Huang, Yongyuan & Shi, Chenyi & Zhan, Peiyu, 2018. "The effects of urbanization on CO2 emissions in the Pearl River Delta: A comprehensive assessment and panel data analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1693-1706.
    41. Rajah Rasiah & Abul Quasem Al-Amin & Anwar Hossain Chowdhurry & Ferdous Ahmed & Chen Zhang, 2018. "Climate change mitigation projections for ASEAN," Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(2), pages 195-212, April.
    42. Oluyomi A. Osobajo & Afolabi Otitoju & Martha Ajibola Otitoju & Adekunle Oke, 2020. "The Impact of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Carbon Dioxide Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-16, September.
    43. Wang, Qiang, 2014. "Effects of urbanisation on energy consumption in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 332-339.
    44. Granger, C W J, 1969. "Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 37(3), pages 424-438, July.
    45. Poumanyvong, Phetkeo & Kaneko, Shinji, 2010. "Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(2), pages 434-444, December.
    46. Alexei Yumashev & Beata Ślusarczyk & Sergey Kondrashev & Alexey Mikhaylov, 2020. "Global Indicators of Sustainable Development: Evaluation of the Influence of the Human Development Index on Consumption and Quality of Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-13, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kai Cheng & Hsin-Pei Hsueh & Omid Ranjbar & Mei-Chih Wang & Tsangyao Chang, 2021. "Urbanization, coal consumption and CO2 emissions nexus in China using bootstrap Fourier Granger causality test in quantiles," Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 31-49, April.
    2. Elliott, Robert J.R. & Sun, Puyang & Zhu, Tong, 2017. "The direct and indirect effect of urbanization on energy intensity: A province-level study for China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 677-692.
    3. Li, Ke & Lin, Boqiang, 2015. "Impacts of urbanization and industrialization on energy consumption/CO2 emissions: Does the level of development matter?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1107-1122.
    4. Lv, Yulan & Chen, Wei & Cheng, Jianquan, 2019. "Modelling dynamic impacts of urbanization on disaggregated energy consumption in China: A spatial Durbin modelling and decomposition approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    5. Robert J R Elliott & Puyang Sun & Tong Zhu, 2014. "Urbanization and Energy Intensity: A Province-level Study for China," Discussion Papers 14-05, Department of Economics, University of Birmingham.
    6. Wang, Qiang & Wu, Shi-dai & Zeng, Yue-e & Wu, Bo-wei, 2016. "Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in different provinces of China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 1563-1579.
    7. Franco, Sainu & Mandla, Venkata Ravibabu & Ram Mohan Rao, K., 2017. "Urbanization, energy consumption and emissions in the Indian context A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 898-907.
    8. Yu, Yantuan & Zhang, Ning & Kim, Jong Dae, 2020. "Impact of urbanization on energy demand: An empirical study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    9. Xiaoxia Shi & Haiyun Liu & Joshua Sunday Riti, 2019. "The role of energy mix and financial development in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions’ reduction: evidence from ten leading CO2 emitting countries," Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics, Springer;Fondazione Edison, vol. 36(3), pages 695-729, October.
    10. Dong, Xiao-Ying & Hao, Yu, 2018. "Would income inequality affect electricity consumption? Evidence from China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 215-227.
    11. Tiba, Sofien & Omri, Anis, 2017. "Literature survey on the relationships between energy, environment and economic growth," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 1129-1146.
    12. Yongxia Ding & Wei Qu & Shuwen Niu & Man Liang & Wenli Qiang & Zhenguo Hong, 2016. "Factors Influencing the Spatial Difference in Household Energy Consumption in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-20, December.
    13. Cai, Zhengyu & Yu, Chin-Hsien & Zhu, Chunhui, 2021. "Government-led urbanization and natural gas demand in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    14. Hongzhong Fan & Md Ismail Hossain, 2018. "Technological Innovation, Trade Openness, CO2 Emission and Economic Growth: Comparative Analysis between China and India," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 8(6), pages 240-257.
    15. Mrabet, Zouhair & Alsamara, Mouyad & Saleh, Ali Salman & Anwar, Sajid, 2019. "Urbanization and non-renewable energy demand: A comparison of developed and emerging countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 832-839.
    16. Pengfei Sheng & Yaping He & Xiaohui Guo, 2017. "The impact of urbanization on energy consumption and efficiency," Energy & Environment, , vol. 28(7), pages 673-686, November.
    17. Ma, Ben, 2015. "Does urbanization affect energy intensities across provinces in China?Long-run elasticities estimation using dynamic panels with heterogeneous slopes," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 390-401.
    18. Wang, Shaojian & Xie, Zihan & Wu, Rong & Feng, Kuishang, 2022. "How does urbanization affect the carbon intensity of human well-being? A global assessment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    19. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Nasreen, Samia & Abbas, Faisal & Anis, Omri, 2015. "Does foreign direct investment impede environmental quality in high-, middle-, and low-income countries?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 275-287.
    20. Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Roubaud, David & Farhani, Sahbi, 2018. "How economic growth, renewable electricity and natural resources contribute to CO2 emissions?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 356-367.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:7:p:2450-:d:780488. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.