Air-HSR cooperation: Impacts on service frequency and environment

This paper investigates the impacts of air-high-speed rail (HSR) cooperation on service frequencies and the environment under a transportation network. Our model indicates that air-HSR cooperation increases flight frequency, air traffic and the load factor of the airline on the long-haul route. For the short-haul route, the impact of air-HSR cooperation on the airline and the HSR operator critically depends on a number of relevant parameters, for example, the market size and the travel time of HSR. Air-HSR cooperation decreases the emissions per passenger on the long-haul route, however, on the short-haul route where the HSR operator interacts with the airline, the emissions per passenger do not necessarily decrease after the cooperation.