IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/tefoso/v175y2022ics0040162521008349.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Blockchain as a sustainability-oriented innovation?: Opportunities for and resistance to Blockchain technology as a driver of sustainability in global food supply chains

Author

Listed:
  • Friedman, Nicola
  • Ormiston, Jarrod

Abstract

Blockchain technology has been forwarded as an innovation to address pressing sustainability challenges in global food supply chains. However, limited studies have critically examined the technology's role in advancing sustainability. Drawing on the literature on sustainability-oriented innovation and innovation resistance theory, we explore the potential of blockchain technology to contribute to sustainable transformations within food supply chains. We reflect on 18 expert interviews with various actors across global food supply chains to evaluate the opportunities for, and resistance to, Blockchain technology as a driver of sustainability. The findings reveal that Blockchain is used within food supply chains as both a tool for sustainability as well as a broader philosophical mindset for addressing sustainability challenges. We reveal the opportunities for Blockchain technology as a sustainability-oriented innovation that can ensure fairer supply chains, enhance food traceability, and drive environmental sustainability. We also unpack the resistance to Blockchain that hinder its potential as a sustainability-oriented innovation which include functional and psychological barriers alongside cooperative barriers and protection of the status quo. Our study contributes to the broader literature on sustainability-oriented innovation and innovation resistance theory.

Suggested Citation

  • Friedman, Nicola & Ormiston, Jarrod, 2022. "Blockchain as a sustainability-oriented innovation?: Opportunities for and resistance to Blockchain technology as a driver of sustainability in global food supply chains," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:175:y:2022:i:c:s0040162521008349
    DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121403
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162521008349
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121403?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Voshmgir, Shermin & Wildenberg, Martin & Rammel, Christian & Novakovic, Tatjana, 2019. "Sustainable Development Report: Blockchain, the Web3 & the SDGs," Working Paper Series/Institute for Cryptoeconomics/Interdisciplinary Research 7453, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.
    2. Chang, Victor & Baudier, Patricia & Zhang, Hui & Xu, Qianwen & Zhang, Jingqi & Arami, Mitra, 2020. "How Blockchain can impact financial services – The overview, challenges and recommendations from expert interviewees," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    3. Sara Saberi & Mahtab Kouhizadeh & Joseph Sarkis & Lejia Shen, 2019. "Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(7), pages 2117-2135, April.
    4. Huang, Dan & Jin, Xin & Coghlan, Alexandra, 2021. "Advances in consumer innovation resistance research: A review and research agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    5. Govindan, Kannan, 2018. "Sustainable consumption and production in the food supply chain: A conceptual framework," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 419-431.
    6. Michael Antioco & Mirella Kleijnen, 2010. "Consumer adoption of technological innovations : Effects of psychological and functional barriers in a lack of content versus a presence of content situation," Post-Print hal-02312561, HAL.
    7. Pazaitis, Alex & De Filippi, Primavera & Kostakis, Vasilis, 2017. "Blockchain and value systems in the sharing economy: The illustrative case of Backfeed," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 105-115.
    8. Kopyto, Matthias & Lechler, Sabrina & von der Gracht, Heiko A. & Hartmann, Evi, 2020. "Potentials of blockchain technology in supply chain management: Long-term judgments of an international expert panel," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    9. Wang, Yingli & Singgih, Meita & Wang, Jingyao & Rit, Mihaela, 2019. "Making sense of blockchain technology: How will it transform supply chains?," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 221-236.
    10. Alex Pazaitis & Primavera De Filippi & Vasilis Kostakis, 2017. "Blockchain and Value Systems in the Sharing Economy: The Illustrative Case of Backfeed," The Other Canon Foundation and Tallinn University of Technology Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Dynamics 73, TUT Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance.
    11. Voshmgir, Shermin & Wildenberg, Martin & Rammel, Christian & Novakovic, Tatjana, 2019. "Sustainable Development Report: Blockchain, the Web3 & the SDGs," Working Paper Series/Institute for Cryptoeconomics/Interdisciplinary Research 7464, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.
    12. M. Antioco & M. Kleijnen, 2010. "Consumer adoption of technological innovations Effects of psychological and functional barriers in a lack of content versus a presence of content situation," Post-Print hal-00387308, HAL.
    13. Kleijnen, Mirella & Lee, Nick & Wetzels, Martin, 2009. "An exploration of consumer resistance to innovation and its antecedents," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 344-357, June.
    14. Alex Pazaitis & Primavera de Filippi & Vasilis Kostakis, 2017. "Blockchain and value systems in the sharing economy: The illustrative case of Backfeed," Post-Print hal-01676881, HAL.
    15. Centobelli, Piera & Cerchione, Roberto & Esposito, Emilio & Oropallo, Eugenio, 2021. "Surfing blockchain wave, or drowning? Shaping the future of distributed ledgers and decentralized technologies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    16. Lin William Cong & Zhiguo He, 2019. "Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 32(5), pages 1754-1797.
    17. R. Mark Isaac & James M. Walker, 1988. "Group Size Effects in Public Goods Provision: The Voluntary Contributions Mechanism," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 103(1), pages 179-199.
    18. Mahtab Kouhizadeh & Joseph Sarkis, 2018. "Blockchain Practices, Potentials, and Perspectives in Greening Supply Chains," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-16, October.
    19. Karl Widerquist, 2018. "The Bottom Line," Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee, in: A Critical Analysis of Basic Income Experiments for Researchers, Policymakers, and Citizens, chapter 0, pages 93-98, Palgrave Macmillan.
    20. Lyles, Marjorie A. & Flynn, Barbara B. & Frohlich, Mark T., 2008. "All Supply Chains Don't Flow Through: Understanding Supply Chain Issues in Product Recalls," Management and Organization Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 4(02), pages 167-182, July.
    21. Hew, Jun-Jie & Leong, Lai-Ying & Tan, Garry Wei-Han & Ooi, Keng-Boon & Lee, Voon-Hsien, 2019. "The age of mobile social commerce: An Artificial Neural Network analysis on its resistances," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 311-324.
    22. Chen, Peng-Ting & Kuo, Shu-Chen, 2017. "Innovation resistance and strategic implications of enterprise social media websites in Taiwan through knowledge sharing perspective," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 55-69.
    23. Karim Ben Slimane & Cédric Diridollou & Karim Hamadache, 2020. "The legitimation strategies of early stage disruptive innovation," Post-Print hal-02892879, HAL.
    24. Kshetri, Nir, 2018. "1 Blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 80-89.
    25. Ziegler, Rafael, 2020. "Paludiculture as a critical sustainability innovation mission," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(5).
    26. Jesse Yli-Huumo & Deokyoon Ko & Sujin Choi & Sooyong Park & Kari Smolander, 2016. "Where Is Current Research on Blockchain Technology?—A Systematic Review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(10), pages 1-27, October.
    27. Rieple, Alison & Snijders, Sylvia, 2018. "The role of emotions in the choice to adopt, or resist, innovations by Irish dairy farmers," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 23-31.
    28. Biswas, Indranil & Raj, Alok & Srivastava, Samir K., 2018. "Supply chain channel coordination with triple bottom line approach," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 213-226.
    29. Yuna Chiffoleau & Tara Dourian, 2020. "Sustainable Food Supply Chains: Is Shortening the Answer? A Literature Review for a Research and Innovation Agenda," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-21, November.
    30. Ben-Slimane, Karim & Diridollou, Cédric & Hamadache, Karim, 2020. "The legitimation strategies of early stage disruptive innovation," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    31. Alexander, Peter & Brown, Calum & Arneth, Almut & Finnigan, John & Moran, Dominic & Rounsevell, Mark D.A., 2017. "Losses, inefficiencies and waste in the global food system," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 190-200.
    32. Pereira, Joana & Tavalaei, M. Mahdi & Ozalp, Hakan, 2019. "Blockchain-based platforms: Decentralized infrastructures and its boundary conditions," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 94-102.
    33. Marjorie A. Lyles & Barbara B. Flynn & Mark T. Frohlich, 2008. "All Supply Chains Don't Flow Through: Understanding Supply Chain Issues in Product Recalls," Management and Organization Review, The International Association for Chinese Management Research, vol. 4(2), pages 167-182, July.
    34. Chang, Shuchih Ernest & Chen, Yi-Chian & Lu, Ming-Fang, 2019. "Supply chain re-engineering using blockchain technology: A case of smart contract based tracking process," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 1-11.
    35. Johan Rockström & Will Steffen & Kevin Noone & Åsa Persson & F. Stuart Chapin & Eric F. Lambin & Timothy M. Lenton & Marten Scheffer & Carl Folke & Hans Joachim Schellnhuber & Björn Nykvist & Cynthia , 2009. "A safe operating space for humanity," Nature, Nature, vol. 461(7263), pages 472-475, September.
    36. Jonathan A. Foley & Navin Ramankutty & Kate A. Brauman & Emily S. Cassidy & James S. Gerber & Matt Johnston & Nathaniel D. Mueller & Christine O’Connell & Deepak K. Ray & Paul C. West & Christian Balz, 2011. "Solutions for a cultivated planet," Nature, Nature, vol. 478(7369), pages 337-342, October.
    37. Michael Maloni & Michael Brown, 2006. "Corporate Social Responsibility in the Supply Chain: An Application in the Food Industry," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 68(1), pages 35-52, September.
    38. Marsal-Llacuna, Maria-Lluïsa, 2020. "The people's smart city dashboard (PSCD): Delivering on community-led governance with blockchain," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    39. Blume, Maximilian & Oberländer, Anna Maria & Röglinger, Maximilian & Rosemann, Michael & Wyrtki, Katrin, 2020. "Ex ante assessment of disruptive threats: Identifying relevant threats before one is disrupted," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    40. Pólvora, Alexandre & Nascimento, Susana & Lourenço, Joana S. & Scapolo, Fabiana, 2020. "Blockchain for industrial transformations: A forward-looking approach with multi-stakeholder engagement for policy advice," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    41. Marsal-Llacuna, Maria-Lluïsa, 2018. "Future living framework: Is blockchain the next enabling network?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 226-234.
    42. Angelo Corallo & Maria Elena Latino & Marta Menegoli & Pierpaolo Pontrandolfo, 2020. "A systematic literature review to explore traceability and lifecycle relationship," International Journal of Production Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 58(15), pages 4789-4807, July.
    43. Joon-Seok Kim & Nina Shin, 2019. "The Impact of Blockchain Technology Application on Supply Chain Partnership and Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-17, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. UTKINA Maryna, 2023. "Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Enhancing Financial Monitoring: Main Challenges and Opportunities," European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Bucharest Economic Academy, issue 02, June.
    2. Zhangwei Feng & Peng Jin & Guiping Li, 2023. "Investment Decision of Blockchain Technology in Fresh Food Supply Chains Considering Misreporting Behavior," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-19, April.
    3. Patrizia Gazzola & Enrica Pavione & Arianna Barge & Franco Fassio, 2023. "Using the Transparency of Supply Chain Powered by Blockchain to Improve Sustainability Relationships with Stakeholders in the Food Sector: The Case Study of Lavazza," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-16, May.
    4. Ning Ren & Xiufan Zhang & Decheng Fan, 2022. "Influencing Factors and Realization Path of Power Decarbonization—Based on Panel Data Analysis of 30 Provinces in China from 2011 to 2019," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-24, November.
    5. Broccardo, Laura & Vola, Paola & Zicari, Adrian & Alshibani, Safiya Mukhtar, 2023. "Contingency-based analysis of the drivers and obstacles to a successful sustainable business model: Seeking the uncaptured value," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    6. Giuseppe Varavallo & Giuseppe Caragnano & Fabrizio Bertone & Luca Vernetti-Prot & Olivier Terzo, 2022. "Traceability Platform Based on Green Blockchain: An Application Case Study in Dairy Supply Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-14, March.
    7. Ferdinand Kóča & Hana Pačaiová & Renata Turisová & Andrea Sütőová & Peter Darvaši, 2023. "The Methodology for Assessing the Applicability of CSR into Supplier Management Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-25, September.
    8. Zhou, Yu & Yan, Shuangqi & Li, Gendao & Xiong, Yu & Lin, Zhibin, 2023. "The impact of consumer skepticism on blockchain-enabled sustainability disclosure in a supply chain," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    9. Balzarova, Michaela & Dyer, Celia & Falta, Michael, 2022. "Perceptions of blockchain readiness for fairtrade programmes," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    10. Abdul-Hamid, Asma-Qamaliah & Ali, Mohd Helmi & Osman, Lokhman Hakim & Tseng, Ming-Lang & Lim, Ming K., 2022. "Industry 4.0 quasi-effect between circular economy and sustainability: Palm oil industry," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
    11. Aditi S. Saha & Rakesh D. Raut & Vinay Surendra Yadav & Abhijit Majumdar, 2022. "Blockchain Changing the Outlook of the Sustainable Food Supply Chain to Achieve Net Zero?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-21, December.
    12. Schleper, Martin C. & Blome, Constantin & Stevenson, Mark & Thürer, Matthias & Tusell, Iu, 2022. "When it’s the slaves that pay: In search of a fair due diligence cost distribution in conflict mineral supply chains," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    13. Loh, Xiu-Ming & Lee, Voon-Hsien & Leong, Lai-Ying & Aw, Eugene Cheng-Xi & Cham, Tat-Huei & Tang, Yun-Chia & Hew, Jun-Jie, 2023. "Understanding consumers’ resistance to pay with cryptocurrency in the sharing economy: A hybrid SEM-fsQCA approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    14. Ashkan Pakseresht & Sina Ahmadi Kaliji & Vilma Xhakollari, 2022. "How Blockchain Facilitates the Transition toward Circular Economy in the Food Chain?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-22, September.
    15. Broccardo, Laura & Zicari, Adrián & Jabeen, Fauzia & Bhatti, Zeeshan A., 2023. "How digitalization supports a sustainable business model: A literature review," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    16. Bogdan Georgescu & Cristian Bogdan Onete & Doru Alexandru Plesea & Sandra Diana Chita & Stefan Sava, 2022. "Consumer Attitude Towards the Use of Blockchain Technology. Study on the Implementation of the “Green Deal” Strategy for Organic Foods," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, vol. 24(60), pages 379-379, April.
    17. Cozzio, Claudia & Viglia, Giampaolo & Lemarie, Linda & Cerutti, Stefania, 2023. "Toward an integration of blockchain technology in the food supply chain," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    18. Baudier, Patricia & Kondrateva, Galina & Ammi, Chantal, 2023. "Can blockchain enhance motivation to donate: The moderating impact of religion on donors' behavior in the USA's charity organizations," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    19. Aidin Salamzadeh & Morteza Hadizadeh & Niloofar Rastgoo & Md. Mizanur Rahman & Soodabeh Radfard, 2022. "Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Foresight in International New Technology Based Firms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-21, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Garg, Poonam & Gupta, Bhumika & Chauhan, Ajay Kumar & Sivarajah, Uthayasankar & Gupta, Shivam & Modgil, Sachin, 2021. "Measuring the perceived benefits of implementing blockchain technology in the banking sector," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    2. Paul, Tripti & Mondal, Sandeep & Islam, Nazrul & Rakshit, Sandip, 2021. "The impact of blockchain technology on the tea supply chain and its sustainable performance," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    3. Centobelli, Piera & Cerchione, Roberto & Esposito, Emilio & Oropallo, Eugenio, 2021. "Surfing blockchain wave, or drowning? Shaping the future of distributed ledgers and decentralized technologies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    4. Dutta, Pankaj & Choi, Tsan-Ming & Somani, Surabhi & Butala, Richa, 2020. "Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: Applications, challenges and research opportunities," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    5. Nguyen, Loan T.Q. & Hoang, Thinh G. & Do, Linh H. & Ngo, Xuan T. & Nguyen, Phuong H.T. & Nguyen, Giang D.L. & Nguyen, Giang N.T., 2021. "The role of blockchain technology-based social crowdfunding in advancing social value creation," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    6. Abderahman Rejeb & Karim Rejeb & Steve Simske & Horst Treiblmaier, 2021. "Blockchain Technologies in Logistics and Supply Chain Management: A Bibliometric Review," Logistics, MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-28, October.
    7. Huang, Dan & Jin, Xin & Coghlan, Alexandra, 2021. "Advances in consumer innovation resistance research: A review and research agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    8. Vineet Paliwal & Shalini Chandra & Suneel Sharma, 2020. "Blockchain Technology for Sustainable Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Literature Review and a Classification Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-39, September.
    9. Kirti Nayal & Rakesh D. Raut & Balkrishna E. Narkhede & Pragati Priyadarshinee & Gajanan B. Panchal & Vidyadhar V. Gedam, 2023. "Antecedents for blockchain technology-enabled sustainable agriculture supply chain," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 327(1), pages 293-337, August.
    10. Tandon, Anushree & Kaur, Puneet & Mäntymäki, Matti & Dhir, Amandeep, 2021. "Blockchain applications in management: A bibliometric analysis and literature review," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    11. Vincenzo Varriale & Antonello Cammarano & Francesca Michelino & Mauro Caputo, 2020. "The Unknown Potential of Blockchain for Sustainable Supply Chains," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-16, November.
    12. Kouhizadeh, Mahtab & Saberi, Sara & Sarkis, Joseph, 2021. "Blockchain technology and the sustainable supply chain: Theoretically exploring adoption barriers," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    13. Agi, Maher A.N. & Jha, Ashish Kumar, 2022. "Blockchain technology in the supply chain: An integrated theoretical perspective of organizational adoption," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
    14. Talwar, Shalini & Talwar, Manish & Kaur, Puneet & Dhir, Amandeep, 2020. "Consumers’ resistance to digital innovations: A systematic review and framework development," Australasian marketing journal, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 286-299.
    15. Kamble, Sachin S. & Gunasekaran, Angappa & Kumar, Vikas & Belhadi, Amine & Foropon, Cyril, 2021. "A machine learning based approach for predicting blockchain adoption in supply Chain," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    16. Domingo, Ribeiro-Soriano & Piñeiro-Chousa, Juan & Ángeles López-Cabarcos, M., 2020. "What factors drive returns on initial coin offerings?," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    17. Nan Jiang & Qi Han & Guohua Zhu, 2023. "A Three-Dimensional Analytical Framework: Textual Analysis and Comparison of Chinese and US Energy Blockchain Policies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-28, March.
    18. Antonella Moretto & Laura Macchion, 2022. "Drivers, barriers and supply chain variables influencing the adoption of the blockchain to support traceability along fashion supply chains," Operations Management Research, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 1470-1489, December.
    19. García-Monleón, Fernando & Danvila-del-Valle, Ignacio & Lara, Francisco J., 2021. "Intrinsic value in crypto currencies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    20. Chakraborty, Debarun & Singu, Hari Babu & Patre, Smruti, 2022. "Fitness Apps's purchase behaviour: Amalgamation of Stimulus-Organism-Behaviour-Consequence framework (S–O–B–C) and the innovation resistance theory (IRT)," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:tefoso:v:175:y:2022:i:c:s0040162521008349. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00401625 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.