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Methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated glucose-derived acid catalyst

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  • Lokman, Ibrahim M.
  • Rashid, Umer
  • Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin
  • Yunus, Robiah

Abstract

A highly potential heterogeneous solid acid catalyst derived from a carbohydrate precursor was successfully developed and applied for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). The catalyst was synthesized by sulfonating the incomplete carbonized D-glucose using concentrated sulfuric acid to produce a sulfonated glucose-derived acid catalyst. The catalyst underwent a detailed characterization analysis in terms of its functional groups of active sites, morphological structure, thermal stability, surface area and density of acid sites. For the catalytic activity test, the sulfonated glucose-derived acid catalyst was used to esterify PFAD which contained around 85 wt.% free fatty acids (FFA). Furthermore, it demonstrated a 95.4% conversion of FFA to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with 92.3% of FAME yield under the following optimum condition: catalyst loading of 2.5 wt.%, methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio of 10:1, reaction temperature of 75 °C and the reaction time was 2 h. It can be deduced from the results that a sulfonated glucose-derived acid catalyst has a high potential to esterify high FFA feedstocks, especially PFAD, to produce low cost biodiesel.

Suggested Citation

  • Lokman, Ibrahim M. & Rashid, Umer & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin & Yunus, Robiah, 2015. "Methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated glucose-derived acid catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 347-354.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:81:y:2015:i:c:p:347-354
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.045
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    3. Nafees Ur Rehman & Jan Nisar & Ghulam Ali & Ali Ahmad & Afzal Shah & Zahoor H. Farooqi & Faisal Muhammad, 2023. "Production of Bio-Oil from Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition of Pomegranate Peels over a Sulfonated Tea Waste Heterogeneous Catalyst: A Kinetic Investigation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-17, February.
    4. Syazwani, Osman Nur & Rashid, Umer & Mastuli, Mohd Sufri & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2019. "Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to biodiesel using Bi-functional catalyst synthesized from waste angel wing shell (Cyrtopleura costata)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 187-196.
    5. Mendaros, Czarina M. & Go, Alchris W. & Nietes, Winston Jose T. & Gollem, Babe Eden Joy O. & Cabatingan, Luis K., 2020. "Direct sulfonation of cacao shell to synthesize a solid acid catalyst for the esterification of oleic acid with methanol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 320-330.
    6. Leesing, Ratanaporn & Siwina, Siraprapha & Ngernyen, Yuvarat & Fiala, Khanittha, 2022. "Innovative approach for co-production of single cell oil (SCO), novel carbon-based solid acid catalyst and SCO-based biodiesel from fallen Dipterocarpus alatus leaves," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 47-60.
    7. Thushari, Indika & Babel, Sandhya & Samart, Chanatip, 2019. "Biodiesel production in an autoclave reactor using waste palm oil and coconut coir husk derived catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 125-134.
    8. Ahmad Farid, Mohammed Abdillah & Hassan, Mohd Ali & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin & Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman & Othman, Mohd Ridzuan & Ali, Ahmad Amiruddin Mohd & Shirai, Yoshihito, 2017. "Production of methyl esters from waste cooking oil using a heterogeneous biomass-based catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 638-643.
    9. Soltani, Soroush & Rashid, Umer & Yunus, Robiah & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin & Al-Resayes, Saud Ibrahim, 2016. "Post-functionalization of polymeric mesoporous C@Zn core–shell spheres used for methyl ester production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 1235-1243.
    10. Yeong, S.P. & Law, M.C. & You, K.Y. & Chan, Y.S. & Lee, V.C.-C., 2019. "A coupled electromagnetic-thermal-fluid-kinetic model for microwave-assisted production of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate biodiesel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 457-475.
    11. Kanjaikaew, Utaiwan & Tongurai, Chakrit & Chongkhong, Sininart & Prasertsit, Kulchanat, 2018. "Two-step esterification of palm fatty acid distillate in ethyl ester production: Optimization and sensitivity analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 336-344.
    12. Pan, Hu & Liu, Xiaofang & Zhang, Heng & Yang, Kaili & Huang, Shan & Yang, Song, 2017. "Multi-SO3H functionalized mesoporous polymeric acid catalyst for biodiesel production and fructose-to-biodiesel additive conversion," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 245-252.
    13. Sandouqa, Arwa & Al-Hamamre, Zayed & Asfar, Jamil, 2019. "Preparation and performance investigation of a lignin-based solid acid catalyst manufactured from olive cake for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 667-682.

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