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Two-step esterification of palm fatty acid distillate in ethyl ester production: Optimization and sensitivity analysis

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  • Kanjaikaew, Utaiwan
  • Tongurai, Chakrit
  • Chongkhong, Sininart
  • Prasertsit, Kulchanat

Abstract

Low-cost palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) feedstock to produce biodiesel is of interest. Single step esterification of PFAD is effective but requires large amounts of chemicals. Removal of water in a two-step process increases the effectiveness of FFA conversion with methanol, but ethanol has yet to be investigated and hence was proposed. Effects of parameters: ethanol to FFA molar ratio, temperature, time and catalyst amount, were investigated. In the first step, catalyst amount was kept constant; and for the second-step, the reaction temperature was fixed. RSM coupled with sensitivity analysis enabled parameters to be optimized. Optimal conditions for the first step were: 4:1 M ratio, 353 K and 15 min, resulting in 88% FFA conversion. In the second step, the conversion reached 86.8% under these conditions: 27:1 M ratio, 53 min and 35.3 wt% catalyst amount. Under these two sets of optimal conditions, the overall FFA conversion of 98.44% was comparable to other studies. The attempt on the use of ethanol to produce ethyl ester in a two-step process of PFAD is quite successful: ethanol, renewable and more environmental friendly, is a contending effective alternative.

Suggested Citation

  • Kanjaikaew, Utaiwan & Tongurai, Chakrit & Chongkhong, Sininart & Prasertsit, Kulchanat, 2018. "Two-step esterification of palm fatty acid distillate in ethyl ester production: Optimization and sensitivity analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 336-344.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:119:y:2018:i:c:p:336-344
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.002
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    1. Zailan, Zarifah & Tahir, Muhammad & Jusoh, Mazura & Zakaria, Zaki Yamani, 2021. "A review of sulfonic group bearing porous carbon catalyst for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 430-452.
    2. Simões, S.S. & Ribeiro, J.S. & Celante, D. & Brondani, L.N. & Castilhos, F., 2020. "Heterogeneous catalyst screening for fatty acid methyl esters production through interesterification reaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 719-726.
    3. Noge, Hirofumi & Ueno, Yoshie & Kadir, Hasannuddin Abdul & Yahya, Wira Jazair, 2021. "Utilization of palm acid oil for a diffusion combustion burner as fuel and nitrogen oxides reduction by the thermally decomposed hydrocarbons," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).

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