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Effects of water on the esterification of free fatty acids by acid catalysts

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  • Park, Ji-Yeon
  • Wang, Zhong-Ming
  • Kim, Deog-Keun
  • Lee, Jin-Suk

Abstract

To maximize the production of biodiesel from soybean soapstock, the effects of water on the esterification of high-FFA (free fatty acid) oils were investigated. Oleic acid and high acid acid oil (HAAO) were esterified by reaction with methanol in the presence of Amberlyst-15 as a heterogeneous catalyst or sulfuric acid as a homogeneous catalyst. The yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was studied at oil to methanol molar ratios of 1:3 and 1:6 and reaction temperatures of 60 and 80°C. The rate of esterification of oleic acid significantly decreased as the initial water content increased to 20% of the oil. The activity of Amberlyst-15 decreased more rapidly than that of sulfuric acid, due to the direct poisoning of acid sites by water. Esterification using sulfuric acid was not affected by water until there was a 5% water addition at a 1:6 molar ratio of oil to methanol. FAME content of HAAO prepared from soapstock rapidly increased for the first 30min of esterification. Following the 30-min mark, the rate of FAME production decreased significantly due to the accumulation of water. When methanol and Amberlyst-15 were removed from the HAAO after 30min of esterification and fresh methanol and a catalyst were added, the time required to reach 85% FAME content was reduced from 6h to 1.8h.

Suggested Citation

  • Park, Ji-Yeon & Wang, Zhong-Ming & Kim, Deog-Keun & Lee, Jin-Suk, 2010. "Effects of water on the esterification of free fatty acids by acid catalysts," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 614-618.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:35:y:2010:i:3:p:614-618
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2009.08.007
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    1. Keskin, Ali & Gürü, Metin & Altiparmak, Duran & Aydin, Kadir, 2008. "Using of cotton oil soapstock biodiesel–diesel fuel blends as an alternative diesel fuel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 553-557.
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    4. Zanette, Andréia F. & Barella, Rodrigo A. & Pergher, Sibele B.C. & Treichel, Helen & Oliveira, Débora & Mazutti, Marcio A. & Silva, Edson A. & Oliveira, J. Vladimir, 2011. "Screening, optimization and kinetics of Jatropha curcas oil transesterification with heterogeneous catalysts," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 726-731.
    5. Jincheng Ding & Zheng Xia & Jie Lu, 2012. "Esterification and Deacidification of a Waste Cooking Oil (TAN 68.81 mg KOH/g) for Biodiesel Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(8), pages 1-9, July.
    6. Kaur, Navjot & Ali, Amjad, 2015. "Preparation and application of Ce/ZrO2−TiO2/SO42− as solid catalyst for the esterification of fatty acids," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 421-431.
    7. Cherng-Yuan Lin & Yi-Wei Lin, 2012. "Fuel Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from a High-Acid Oil from Soybean Soapstock by Supercritical-Methanol Transesterification," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(7), pages 1-11, July.
    8. Somnuk, Krit & Soysuwan, Natthapon & Prateepchaikul, Gumpon, 2019. "Continuous process for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using helical static mixers as reactors," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 100-110.
    9. Borges, M.E. & Díaz, L., 2012. "Recent developments on heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production by oil esterification and transesterification reactions: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 2839-2849.
    10. Doğan, Tuba Hatice, 2016. "The testing of the effects of cooking conditions on the quality of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oils," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 466-473.
    11. Idowu, Ibijoke & Pedrola, Montserrat Ortoneda & Wylie, Steve & Teng, K.H. & Kot, Patryk & Phipps, David & Shaw, Andy, 2019. "Improving biodiesel yield of animal waste fats by combination of a pre-treatment technique and microwave technology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 535-542.
    12. Ibrahim, Shaimaa M., 2021. "Preparation, characterization and application of novel surface-modified ZrSnO4 as Sn-based TMOs catalysts for the stearic acid esterification with methanol to biodiesel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 151-163.
    13. Avhad, M.R. & Marchetti, J.M., 2015. "A review on recent advancement in catalytic materials for biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 696-718.

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