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Direct sulfonation of cacao shell to synthesize a solid acid catalyst for the esterification of oleic acid with methanol

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  • Mendaros, Czarina M.
  • Go, Alchris W.
  • Nietes, Winston Jose T.
  • Gollem, Babe Eden Joy O.
  • Cabatingan, Luis K.

Abstract

Solid acid catalyst (SAC) was synthesized via direct treatment of cacao shells (CS) with concentrated sulfuric acid at varying temperature (80, 100, 120 °C) and time (4, 6, 8 h) settings. The synthesized catalysts were found to have sulfonic acid density ranging from 0.6326 to 0.8500 mmol SO3H/g dry CS-SAC and total acid density from 6.0509 to 7.1165 mmol H+/g dry CS-SAC. The catalytic activity is dependent on the sulfonic acid density of the catalyst. Catalyst synthesized at 120 °C for 6 h showed the highest sulfonic acid density (0.85 mmol SO3H/g catalyst) corresponding to highest catalytic activity (5.73 mmol OA converted/mmol SO3H·h) and a conversion of ∼39% after a fixed reaction time of 4 h and carried out at 65 °C. Conversions of up to 76% could be achieved after 24 h. The catalyst was reused for 4 cycles and was able to retain 78% of its catalytic activity from the 2nd to the 4th cycle. Direct sulfonation may be an alternative to conventional synthesis process.

Suggested Citation

  • Mendaros, Czarina M. & Go, Alchris W. & Nietes, Winston Jose T. & Gollem, Babe Eden Joy O. & Cabatingan, Luis K., 2020. "Direct sulfonation of cacao shell to synthesize a solid acid catalyst for the esterification of oleic acid with methanol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 320-330.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:152:y:2020:i:c:p:320-330
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.01.066
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Leesing, Ratanaporn & Siwina, Siraprapha & Ngernyen, Yuvarat & Fiala, Khanittha, 2022. "Innovative approach for co-production of single cell oil (SCO), novel carbon-based solid acid catalyst and SCO-based biodiesel from fallen Dipterocarpus alatus leaves," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 47-60.
    3. Leesing, Ratanaporn & Somdee, Theerasak & Siwina, Siraprapha & Ngernyen, Yuvarat & Fiala, Khanittha, 2022. "Production of 2G and 3G biodiesel, yeast oil, and sulfonated carbon catalyst from waste coconut meal: An integrated cascade biorefinery approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 1093-1104.
    4. Zhang, Bingxin & Gao, Ming & Tang, Weiqi & Wang, Xiaona & Wu, Chuanfu & Wang, Qunhui & Cheung, Siu Ming & Chen, Xiankun, 2023. "Esterification efficiency improvement of carbon-based solid acid catalysts induced by biomass pretreatments: Intrinsic mechanism," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PB).
    5. Bingxin Zhang & Xiaona Wang & Weiqi Tang & Chuanfu Wu & Qunhui Wang & Xiaohong Sun, 2023. "Carbon-Based Solid Acid Catalyzed Esterification of Soybean Saponin-Acidified Oil with Methanol Vapor for Biodiesel Synthesis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-15, September.
    6. Amílcar Díaz-González & Magdalena Yeraldi Perez Luna & Erik Ramírez Morales & Sergio Saldaña-Trinidad & Lizeth Rojas Blanco & Sergio de la Cruz-Arreola & Bianca Yadira Pérez-Sariñana & José Billerman , 2022. "Assessment of the Pretreatments and Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Recovered from the Husk of the Cocoa Pod," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-17, May.
    7. Leesing, Ratanaporn & Siwina, Siraprapha & Fiala, Khanittha, 2021. "Yeast-based biodiesel production using sulfonated carbon-based solid acid catalyst by an integrated biorefinery of durian peel waste," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 647-657.

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