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Sequential conversion of high free fatty acid oils into biodiesel using a new catalyst system

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  • Peng-Lim, Boey
  • Ganesan, Shangeetha
  • Maniam, Gaanty Pragas
  • Khairuddean, Melati

Abstract

A sequential esterification and transesterification method was used successfully to convert high free fatty acid oil into biodiesel with almost 100% conversion. The esterification system was catalysed by ferric-alginate beads (0.16:1 ferric-alginate beads to lauric acid mass ratio, 15:1 methanol to lauric acid molar ratio, methanol refluxing temperature (65 °C), reaction time of 3 h) and transesterification was catalysed by boiler ash-calcium oxide mix (3 wt.% boiler ash, calcium oxide according to the stoichiometric amount of water produced in esterification, 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, methanol refluxing temperature (65 °C), reaction time of 0.5 h). Calcium oxide played a dual role to absorb the water produced by the esterification of free fatty acid and also as an active species for transesterification of triglycerides. This method was effectively used to convert palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel with 100% conversion.

Suggested Citation

  • Peng-Lim, Boey & Ganesan, Shangeetha & Maniam, Gaanty Pragas & Khairuddean, Melati, 2012. "Sequential conversion of high free fatty acid oils into biodiesel using a new catalyst system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 132-139.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:46:y:2012:i:1:p:132-139
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2012.09.013
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    1. Ganesan, Shangeetha & Nadarajah, Sivajothi & Khairuddean, Melati & Teh, Geok Bee, 2019. "Studies on lauric acid conversion to methyl ester via catalytic esterification using ammonium ferric sulphate," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 9-16.
    2. Lokman, Ibrahim M. & Rashid, Umer & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin & Yunus, Robiah, 2015. "Methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated glucose-derived acid catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 347-354.
    3. Ong, Lu Ki & Effendi, Chintya & Kurniawan, Alfin & Lin, Chun Xiang & Zhao, Xiu Song & Ismadji, Suryadi, 2013. "Optimization of catalyst-free production of biodiesel from Ceiba pentandra (kapok) oil with high free fatty acid contents," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 615-623.
    4. Badday, Ali Sabri & Abdullah, Ahmad Zuhairi & Lee, Keat-Teong, 2013. "Ultrasound-assisted transesterification of crude Jatropha oil using cesium doped heteropolyacid catalyst: Interactions between process variables," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 283-291.

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