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Utilization of BA (boiler ash) as catalyst for transesterification of palm olein

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  • Boey, Peng-Lim
  • Ganesan, Shangeetha
  • Lim, Sze-Xooi
  • Lim, Sau-Lai
  • Maniam, Gaanty Pragas
  • Khairuddean, Melati

Abstract

BA (boiler ash) (empty fruit bunch ash) was used as a source of pseudo-homogeneous base catalyst for transesterification of palm olein. BA successfully transesterified palm olein at mild reaction conditions (3wt.% dried BA, 15:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, reaction temperature of 60°C and reaction time of 30min) to produce 90% methyl esters. Although BA works very well as a catalyst for transesterification, it is not reusable as the active species in the catalyst tend to leach out of the system during reaction. BA was prepared for transesterification by drying in oven at 105±2°C to constant weight.

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  • Boey, Peng-Lim & Ganesan, Shangeetha & Lim, Sze-Xooi & Lim, Sau-Lai & Maniam, Gaanty Pragas & Khairuddean, Melati, 2011. "Utilization of BA (boiler ash) as catalyst for transesterification of palm olein," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 5791-5796.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:36:y:2011:i:10:p:5791-5796
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.005
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    Cited by:

    1. Miladinović, Marija R. & Zdujić, Miodrag V. & Veljović, Djordje N. & Krstić, Jugoslav B. & Banković-Ilić, Ivana B. & Veljković, Vlada B. & Stamenković, Olivera S., 2020. "Valorization of walnut shell ash as a catalyst for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 1033-1043.
    2. Vargas, Edgar M. & Ospina, Lizeth & Neves, Márcia C. & Tarelho, Luís A.C. & Nunes, Maria I., 2021. "Optimization of FAME production from blends of waste cooking oil and refined palm oil using biomass fly ash as a catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1637-1647.
    3. Vargas, Edgar M. & Neves, Márcia C. & Tarelho, Luís A.C. & Nunes, Maria I., 2019. "Solid catalysts obtained from wastes for FAME production using mixtures of refined palm oil and waste cooking oils," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 873-883.
    4. Miladinović, Marija R. & Krstić, Jugoslav B. & Zdujić, Miodrag V. & Veselinović, Ljiljana M. & Veljović, Djordje N. & Banković-Ilić, Ivana B. & Stamenković, Olivera S. & Veljković, Vlada B., 2022. "Transesterification of used cooking sunflower oil catalyzed by hazelnut shell ash," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 103-113.
    5. Rizkiana, Jenny & Guan, Guoqing & Widayatno, Wahyu Bambang & Hao, Xiaogang & Li, Xiumin & Huang, Wei & Abudula, Abuliti, 2014. "Promoting effect of various biomass ashes on the steam gasification of low-rank coal," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 282-288.
    6. Peng-Lim, Boey & Ganesan, Shangeetha & Maniam, Gaanty Pragas & Khairuddean, Melati, 2012. "Sequential conversion of high free fatty acid oils into biodiesel using a new catalyst system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 132-139.

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