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Continuous esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate using economical process

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  • Chongkhong, S.
  • Tongurai, C.
  • Chetpattananondh, P.

Abstract

An overflow system for continuous esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using an economical process was developed using a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Continuous production compared to batch production at the same condition had higher product purity. The optimum condition for the esterification process was a 8.8:1:0.05 molar ratio of methanol to PFAD to sulfuric acid catalyst, 60min of residence time at 75°C under its own pressure. The free fatty acid (FFA) content in the PFAD was reduced from 93 to less than 1.5%wt by optimum esterification. The esterified product had to be neutralized with 10.24%wt of 3M sodium hydroxide in water solution at a reaction temperature of 80°C for 20min to reduce the residual FFA and glycerides. The components and properties of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) could meet the standard requirements for biodiesel fuel. Eventually the production costs were calculated to disclose its commercialization.

Suggested Citation

  • Chongkhong, S. & Tongurai, C. & Chetpattananondh, P., 2009. "Continuous esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate using economical process," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 1059-1063.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:34:y:2009:i:4:p:1059-1063
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2008.07.008
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    1. Ramadhas, A.S & Jayaraj, S & Muraleedharan, C, 2004. "Use of vegetable oils as I.C. engine fuels—A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 29(5), pages 727-742.
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    1. Atadashi, I.M. & Aroua, M.K. & Abdul Aziz, A.R. & Sulaiman, N.M.N., 2011. "Membrane biodiesel production and refining technology: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 5051-5062.
    2. Stojković, Ivan J. & Stamenković, Olivera S. & Povrenović, Dragan S. & Veljković, Vlada B., 2014. "Purification technologies for crude biodiesel obtained by alkali-catalyzed transesterification," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 1-15.
    3. Atadashi, I.M. & Aroua, M.K. & Aziz, A.R. Abdul & Sulaiman, N.M.N., 2011. "Refining technologies for the purification of crude biodiesel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(12), pages 4239-4251.
    4. Gargari, M. Hashemzadeh & Sadrameli, S.M., 2019. "A single-phase transesterification of linseed oil using different co-solvents and hydrogel in the presence of calcium oxide: An optimization study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 426-434.
    5. Wang, Jiayan & Wang, Zhiyuan & Yang, Lingmei & Yang, Gaixiu & Miao, Changlin & Lv, Pengmei, 2017. "Natural albite as a novel solid basic catalyst for the effective synthesis of biodiesel: Characteristics and performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1650-1660.
    6. Chattopadhyay, Soham & Sen, Ramkrishna, 2013. "Fuel properties, engine performance and environmental benefits of biodiesel produced by a green process," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 319-326.
    7. Atadashi, I.M. & Aroua, M.K. & Aziz, A. Abdul, 2010. "High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(7), pages 1999-2008, September.
    8. Lokman, Ibrahim M. & Rashid, Umer & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin & Yunus, Robiah, 2015. "Methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated glucose-derived acid catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 347-354.
    9. Atadashi, I.M. & Aroua, M.K. & Abdul Aziz, A.R. & Sulaiman, N.M.N., 2012. "The effects of water on biodiesel production and refining technologies: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 3456-3470.
    10. Ardi, M.S. & Aroua, M.K. & Hashim, N. Awanis, 2015. "Progress, prospect and challenges in glycerol purification process: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 1164-1173.
    11. Hashemzadeh Gargari, M. & Sadrameli, S.M., 2018. "Investigating continuous biodiesel production from linseed oil in the presence of a Co-solvent and a heterogeneous based catalyst in a packed bed reactor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 888-895.
    12. Sangar, Shatesh Kumar & Syazwani, Osman Nur & Farabi, M.S. Ahmad & Razali, S.M. & Shobhana, Gnanasekhar & Teo, Siow Hwa & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2019. "Effective biodiesel synthesis from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using carbon-based solid acid catalyst derived glycerol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 658-667.
    13. Singh, Bhaskar & Guldhe, Abhishek & Rawat, Ismail & Bux, Faizal, 2014. "Towards a sustainable approach for development of biodiesel from plant and microalgae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 216-245.
    14. Li, Mantian & Chen, Jinyi & Huang, Youjie & Li, Meichen & Lin, Xiaocheng & Qiu, Ting, 2020. "Reusable and efficient heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from free fatty acids and oils: Self-solidifying hybrid ionic liquids," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    15. Noge, Hirofumi & Ueno, Yoshie & Kadir, Hasannuddin Abdul & Yahya, Wira Jazair, 2021. "Utilization of palm acid oil for a diffusion combustion burner as fuel and nitrogen oxides reduction by the thermally decomposed hydrocarbons," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    16. Atadashi, I.M. & Aroua, M.K. & Abdul Aziz, A.R. & Sulaiman, N.M.N., 2012. "Production of biodiesel using high free fatty acid feedstocks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(5), pages 3275-3285.
    17. Uliana, Nilva R. & Polloni, André & Paliga, Marshall & Veneral, Josamaique G. & Quadri, Marintho B. & Oliveira, J. Vladimir, 2017. "Acidity reduction of enzymatic biodiesel using alkaline washing," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 393-396.
    18. Taherkhani, M. & Sadrameli, S.M., 2018. "An improvement and optimization study of biodiesel production from linseed via in-situ transesterification using a co-solvent," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 787-794.
    19. Atadashi, I.M. & Aroua, M.K. & Aziz, A. Abdul, 2011. "Biodiesel separation and purification: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 437-443.
    20. Oliveira, João Felipe G. & Lucena, Izabelly Larissa & Saboya, Rosana M. Alves & Rodrigues, Marcelo L. & Torres, Antonio Eurico B. & Fernandes, Fabiano A. Narciso & Cavalcante, Célio L. & Parente, Expe, 2010. "Biodiesel production from waste coconut oil by esterification with ethanol: The effect of water removal by adsorption," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(11), pages 2581-2584.

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