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Effective biodiesel synthesis from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using carbon-based solid acid catalyst derived glycerol

Author

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  • Sangar, Shatesh Kumar
  • Syazwani, Osman Nur
  • Farabi, M.S. Ahmad
  • Razali, S.M.
  • Shobhana, Gnanasekhar
  • Teo, Siow Hwa
  • Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin

Abstract

Cost efficient and environmental friendly carbon derived glycerol (CG) was prepared by insitu carbonication and sulfonation process. The synthesized CG was sulfonated with H2SO4 for 10 h denoted as SCG-(10) catalyst. The physico-chemical properties of the prepared catalyst were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), temperature programmed desorption-ammonia (TPD-NH3), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and CHNSO elemental analysis. The specific surface area and total acidity were increased significantly after being sulfonated at different time of reflux; whereas, the SCG-(10) catalyst showed the highest total amount of acidity (35117.14 μmol/g). Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was successfully obtained high fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with yield 97.8% at optimum parameter of 18:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio, 5 wt% catalyst loading and 90 °C reaction temperature within 1 h. The catalyst was successfully reused for 7 cycles and it was found that the catalytic activity maintained with >96% of FAME yield for the first three run. The regenerated SCG-(10) catalyst has been used for another four consecutive of reusability run indicates the viability of utilizing carbon catalyst derived glycerol for biodiesel production.

Suggested Citation

  • Sangar, Shatesh Kumar & Syazwani, Osman Nur & Farabi, M.S. Ahmad & Razali, S.M. & Shobhana, Gnanasekhar & Teo, Siow Hwa & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2019. "Effective biodiesel synthesis from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using carbon-based solid acid catalyst derived glycerol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 658-667.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:142:y:2019:i:c:p:658-667
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.118
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim & Rashid, Umer & Yunus, Robiah & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2017. "Synthesis of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated palm seed cake catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 611-619.
    2. Chongkhong, S. & Tongurai, C. & Chetpattananondh, P., 2009. "Continuous esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate using economical process," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 1059-1063.
    3. Syazwani, Osman Nur & Rashid, Umer & Mastuli, Mohd Sufri & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2019. "Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to biodiesel using Bi-functional catalyst synthesized from waste angel wing shell (Cyrtopleura costata)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 187-196.
    4. Quispe, César A.G. & Coronado, Christian J.R. & Carvalho Jr., João A., 2013. "Glycerol: Production, consumption, prices, characterization and new trends in combustion," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 475-493.
    5. Ngaosuwan, Kanokwan & Goodwin, James G. & Prasertdham, Piyasan, 2016. "A green sulfonated carbon-based catalyst derived from coffee residue for esterification," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 262-269.
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    2. Yu, Hewei & Cao, Yunlong & Li, Heyao & Zhao, Gaiju & Zhang, Xingyu & Cheng, Shen & Wei, Wei, 2021. "An efficient heterogeneous acid catalyst derived from waste ginger straw for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 533-542.
    3. Teo, Siow Hwa & Islam, Aminul & Mansir, Nasar & Shamsuddin, Mohd Razali & Joseph, Collin G. & Goto, Motonobu & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2022. "Sustainable biofuel production approach: Critical methanol green transesterification by efficient and stable heterogeneous catalyst," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    4. Aisien, Felix Aibuedefe & Aisien, Eki Tina, 2023. "Modeling and optimization of transesterification of rubber seed oil using sulfonated CaO derived from giant African land snail (Achatina fulica) catalyst by response surface methodology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 137-146.

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