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Sulfated attapulgite for catalyzing the conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate: Impacts of sulfonation on structural transformation and evolution of acidic sites on the catalyst

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  • Tian, Hongli
  • Shao, Yuewen
  • Liang, Chuanfei
  • Xu, Qing
  • Zhang, Lijun
  • Zhang, Shu
  • Liu, Shuhua
  • Hu, Xun

Abstract

Attapulgite (ATTP) is an abundant natural magnesium aluminosilicate mineral that can be used as support for manufacturing cost-effective solid acid catalysts. This study mainly focuses on structural change of ATTP and the formation of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites during sulfonation in H2SO4. The results indicate that the sulfonation leads to the drastic change of the crystal phases as sulfuric acid not only plays the roles of grafting the sulfur species but also reacts with the CaO, MgO, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 or their salts in ATTP to form the sulfates, resulting in the substantial change of the porous structure of ATTP. In such a process, the Brønsted acidic sites, which are the main active sites for the conversion of furfuryl alcohol (FA) to ethyl levulinate (EL), are introduced, while the abundance/strength of the Lewis acid sites are enhanced. The yield of EL up to 95.4% is achieved over the H2SO4/ATTP catalyst. The Fe2(SO4)3 and MgSO4 in the catalyst leaches in ethanol but does not affect the catalytic stability. The formed polymer also does not affect much the catalytic activity after their removal via the calcination in air.

Suggested Citation

  • Tian, Hongli & Shao, Yuewen & Liang, Chuanfei & Xu, Qing & Zhang, Lijun & Zhang, Shu & Liu, Shuhua & Hu, Xun, 2020. "Sulfated attapulgite for catalyzing the conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate: Impacts of sulfonation on structural transformation and evolution of acidic sites on the catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1576-1586.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:162:y:2020:i:c:p:1576-1586
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.113
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Morone, Amruta & Apte, Mayura & Pandey, R.A., 2015. "Levulinic acid production from renewable waste resources: Bottlenecks, potential remedies, advancements and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 548-565.
    2. Li, Mengzhu & Wei, Junnan & Yan, Guihua & Liu, Huai & Tang, Xing & Sun, Yong & Zeng, Xianhai & Lei, Tingzhou & Lin, Lu, 2020. "Cascade conversion of furfural to fuel bioadditive ethyl levulinate over bifunctional zirconium-based catalysts," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 916-923.
    3. Yang, Jinfan & Ao, Zhifeng & Wu, Hao & Zhang, Sufeng & Chi, Concong & Hou, Chen & Qian, Liwei, 2020. "Waste paper-derived magnetic carbon composite: A novel eco-friendly solid acid for the synthesis of n-butyl levulinate from furfuryl alcohol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 477-483.
    4. Kumar, Vijay Bhooshan & Pulidindi, Indra Neel & Gedanken, Aharon, 2015. "Selective conversion of starch to glucose using carbon based solid acid catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 141-145.
    5. Sangar, Shatesh Kumar & Syazwani, Osman Nur & Farabi, M.S. Ahmad & Razali, S.M. & Shobhana, Gnanasekhar & Teo, Siow Hwa & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2019. "Effective biodiesel synthesis from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using carbon-based solid acid catalyst derived glycerol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 658-667.
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    1. Huang, Rulu & Liu, Huai & Zhang, Junhua & Cheng, Yuan & He, Liang & Peng, Lincai, 2022. "Tea polyphenol and HfCl4 Co-doped polyacrylonitrile nanofiber for highly efficient transformation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 234-243.
    2. Shao, Yuewen & Wu, Jie & Zheng, Zhiyuan & Fan, Mengjiao & Sun, Kai & Bkangmo Kontchouo, Félix Mérimé & Zhang, Lijun & Zhang, Shu & Hu, Guangzhi & Hu, Xun, 2022. "Alloying cobalt in Co–Fe–Al catalyst for achieving the selective conversion of furfural to cyclopentanone," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 957-971.

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