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Capital cost and economic viability of thermosyphonic solar water heaters manufactured from alternate materials in India

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  • Nahar, N.M

Abstract

Many companies in India manufacture solar water heaters but these are not becoming popular in the domestic sector because of their high cost. The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), New Delhi is recommending flat-plate collectors with copper (Cu) risers, headers and plate. Therefore, their cost is high. Long term studies have been carried out at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, to reduce the cost by replacing copper tubes with galvanised steel (G.S.) tube and copper plate with aluminium (Al) plate. The aluminium plate is wrapped over the G.S. tube by a special wire wound technique so that good contact of plate with risers and headers has been maintained. In this paper performance and testing of solar water heaters having G.S.–Al fin, Cu–Al fin and Cu–Cu fin in flat-plate collectors have been compared. It has been found that performance of all the three heaters is almost similar. The heater can provide 100 litres of hot water at an average temperature 62.0°C at 4 pm that can be retained to 50.4°C when average tap water temperature was 23.9°C. The efficiency of the heater is 51.9%. The cost of the heater with G.S.–Al collector is only Rs. 8,000.00 while it is Rs. 10,250.00 for solar water heaters with Cu–Cu collectors. The payback period of a solar water heater with G.S.–Al collector has been worked out by considering 10% compound annual interest, 5% maintenance cost, 5%, inflation in fuel prices and maintenance cost. The payback period varies between 2.92 years to 4.53 years depending upon which fuel it replaces. The payback periods are in increasing order with respect to fuels: electricity, firewood, LPG, charcoal, and kerosene.

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  • Nahar, N.M, 2002. "Capital cost and economic viability of thermosyphonic solar water heaters manufactured from alternate materials in India," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 623-635.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:26:y:2002:i:4:p:623-635
    DOI: 10.1016/S0960-1481(01)00150-1
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    1. Nahar, N.M., 1984. "Energy conservation and field performance of a natural circulation type solar water heater," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 9(5), pages 461-464.
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    2. Gautam, Abhishek & Chamoli, Sunil & Kumar, Alok & Singh, Satyendra, 2017. "A review on technical improvements, economic feasibility and world scenario of solar water heating system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 541-562.
    3. Zakariya Kaneesamkandi & Abdulaziz Almujahid & Basharat Salim, 2022. "Selection of an Appropriate Solar Thermal Technology for Solar Vapor Absorption Cooling—An MADM Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-25, March.
    4. Wang, Zhangyuan & Yang, Wansheng & Qiu, Feng & Zhang, Xiangmei & Zhao, Xudong, 2015. "Solar water heating: From theory, application, marketing and research," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 68-84.
    5. Al-Madani, Hussain, 2006. "The performance of a cylindrical solar water heater," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(11), pages 1751-1763.
    6. Shukla, Anant & Buddhi, D. & Sawhney, R.L., 2009. "Solar water heaters with phase change material thermal energy storage medium: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(8), pages 2119-2125, October.
    7. Ahmed, Sumair Faisal & Khalid, M. & Rashmi, W. & Chan, A. & Shahbaz, Kaveh, 2017. "Recent progress in solar thermal energy storage using nanomaterials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 450-460.
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