IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jrpoli/v99y2024ics0301420724007724.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Impact of oil and gold prices on Bitcoin price during Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Gaza wars

Author

Listed:
  • Zeinedini, Shabnam
  • Karimi, Mohammad Sharif
  • Khanzadi, Azad
  • Falahati, Ali

Abstract

Political tensions between countries and geopolitical events can create significant uncertainty in financial markets, impacting the prices of traditional assets such as oil and gold, as well as the emerging asset, Bitcoin. This study investigates the effect of gold and oil prices, including their price shocks, on Bitcoin price during two specific conflicts: the Russia-Ukraine war and the Israel-Gaza conflict. To achieve this, we employed the Vector Auto-Regression (VAR) method and wavelet coherence analysis. The data used spans daily observations from January 2022 to April 2024.The findings indicate that gold prices have a positive impact on Bitcoin prices. Specifically, there is a predominantly short-term relationship between gold prices and Bitcoin prices throughout the entire period under review, with this influence gradually decreasing over the medium and long term. Conversely, the relationship between Brent oil prices and Bitcoin prices during the same period shows that crude oil prices generally have a negative and insignificant effect on Bitcoin prices in the short term.

Suggested Citation

  • Zeinedini, Shabnam & Karimi, Mohammad Sharif & Khanzadi, Azad & Falahati, Ali, 2024. "Impact of oil and gold prices on Bitcoin price during Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Gaza wars," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:99:y:2024:i:c:s0301420724007724
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105405
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420724007724
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105405?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wu, Shan & Tong, Mu & Yang, Zhongyi & Derbali, Abdelkader, 2019. "Does gold or Bitcoin hedge economic policy uncertainty?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 171-178.
    2. N.S. Al-Nassar & Sabri Boubaker & A. Chaibi & B. Makram, 2023. "In Search of Hedges and Safe Havens during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Gold versus Bitcoin, Oil, and Oil Uncertainty," Post-Print hal-04435437, HAL.
    3. Maghyereh, Aktham & Abdoh, Hussein, 2020. "Tail dependence between Bitcoin and financial assets: Evidence from a quantile cross-spectral approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    4. Panagiotidis, Theodore & Stengos, Thanasis & Vravosinos, Orestis, 2018. "On the determinants of bitcoin returns: A LASSO approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 235-240.
    5. Salisu, Afees A. & Ndako, Umar B. & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2023. "Oil price and the Bitcoin market," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    6. Bejaoui, Azza & Mgadmi, Nidhal & Moussa, Wajdi, 2022. "On the relationship between Bitcoin and other assets during the outbreak of coronavirus: Evidence from fractional cointegration analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    7. Demir, Ender & Gozgor, Giray & Lau, Chi Keung Marco & Vigne, Samuel A., 2018. "Does economic policy uncertainty predict the Bitcoin returns? An empirical investigation," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 145-149.
    8. Shu-Han Hsu, 2022. "Investigating the Co-Volatility Spillover Effects between Cryptocurrencies and Currencies at Different Natures of Risk Events," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-15, August.
    9. Chemkha, Rahma & BenSaïda, Ahmed & Ghorbel, Ahmed & Tayachi, Tahar, 2021. "Hedge and safe haven properties during COVID-19: Evidence from Bitcoin and gold," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 71-85.
    10. Ustaoglu, Erkan, 2023. "Diversification, hedge, and safe-haven properties of gold and bitcoin with portfolio implications during the Russia–Ukraine war," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    11. Brière, Marie & Chapelle, Ariane & Szafarz, Ariane, 2012. "No contagion, only globalization and flight to quality," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 1729-1744.
    12. Anders Stensås & Magnus Frostholm Nygaard & Khine Kyaw & Sirimon Treepongkaruna, 2019. "Can Bitcoin be a diversifier, hedge or safe haven tool?," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 7(1), pages 1593072-159, January.
    13. Jareño, Francisco & González, María de la O & Tolentino, Marta & Sierra, Karen, 2020. "Bitcoin and gold price returns: A quantile regression and NARDL analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    14. Selmi, Refk & Mensi, Walid & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Bouoiyour, Jamal, 2018. "Is Bitcoin a hedge, a safe haven or a diversifier for oil price movements? A comparison with gold," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 787-801.
    15. Bampinas, Georgios & Panagiotidis, Theodore, 2024. "How would the war and the pandemic affect the stock and cryptocurrency cross-market linkages?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(PA).
    16. Aysan, Ahmet Faruk & Demir, Ender & Gozgor, Giray & Lau, Chi Keung Marco, 2019. "Effects of the geopolitical risks on Bitcoin returns and volatility," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 511-518.
    17. Boubaker, Heni & Cunado, Juncal & Gil-Alana, Luis A. & Gupta, Rangan, 2020. "Global crises and gold as a safe haven: Evidence from over seven and a half centuries of data," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 540(C).
    18. repec:dau:papers:123456789/7746 is not listed on IDEAS
    19. Będowska-Sójka, Barbara & Demir, Ender & Zaremba, Adam, 2022. "Hedging Geopolitical Risks with Different Asset Classes: A Focus on the Russian Invasion of Ukraine," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    20. Corbet, Shaen & Meegan, Andrew & Larkin, Charles & Lucey, Brian & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2018. "Exploring the dynamic relationships between cryptocurrencies and other financial assets," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 28-34.
    21. Kumar, Sanjeev & Jain, Reetika & Narain, & Balli, Faruk & Billah, Mabruk, 2023. "Interconnectivity and investment strategies among commodity prices, cryptocurrencies, and G-20 capital markets: A comparative analysis during COVID-19 and Russian-Ukraine war," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 547-593.
    22. Waqas Hanif & Hee-Un Ko & Linh Pham & Sang Hoon Kang, 2023. "Dynamic connectedness and network in the high moments of cryptocurrency, stock, and commodity markets," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-40, December.
    23. Chi-Wei Su & Meng Qin & Ran Tao & Xiaoyan Zhang, 2020. "Is the status of gold threatened by Bitcoin?," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(1), pages 420-437, January.
    24. Patel, Ritesh & Gubareva, Mariya & Chishti, Muhammad Zubair & Teplova, Tamara, 2024. "Connectedness between healthcare cryptocurrencies and major asset classes: Implications for hedging and investments strategies," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    25. Virginie Terraza & Aslı Boru İpek & Mohammad Mahdi Rounaghi, 2024. "The nexus between the volatility of Bitcoin, gold, and American stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from VAR-DCC-EGARCH and ANN models," Post-Print hal-04395168, HAL.
    26. Feng, Hao & Gao, Da & Duan, Kun & Urquhart, Andrew, 2023. "Does Bitcoin affect decomposed oil shocks differently? Evidence from a quantile-based framework," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    27. Virginie Terraza & Aslı Boru İpek & Mohammad Mahdi Rounaghi, 2024. "The nexus between the volatility of Bitcoin, gold, and American stock markets during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from VAR-DCC-EGARCH and ANN models," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 10(1), pages 1-34, December.
    28. Imran Yousaf & Shoaib Ali & Elie Bouri & Tareq Saeed, 2022. "Information transmission and hedging effectiveness for the pairs crude oil-gold and crude oil-Bitcoin during the COVID-19 outbreak," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 1913-1934, December.
    29. Urquhart, Andrew & Zhang, Hanxiong, 2019. "Is Bitcoin a hedge or safe haven for currencies? An intraday analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 49-57.
    30. Jamal Bouoiyour & Refk Selmi & Mark E. Wohar, 2019. "Bitcoin: competitor or complement to gold?," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 39(1), pages 186-191.
    31. Wen, Fenghua & Tong, Xi & Ren, Xiaohang, 2022. "Gold or Bitcoin, which is the safe haven during the COVID-19 pandemic?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    32. Bogdan Andrei Dumitrescu & Carmen Obreja & Ionel Leonida & Dănuț Georgian Mihai & Ludovic Cosmin Trifu, 2023. "The Link between Bitcoin Price Changes and the Exchange Rates in European Countries with Non-Euro Currencies," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-12, April.
    33. Wamiliana Wamiliana & Edwin Russel & Iskandar Ali Alam & Widiarti Widiarti & Tuti Hairani & Mustofa Usman, 2024. "Modeling and Forecasting Closing Prices of some Coal Mining Companies in Indonesia by Using the VAR(3)-BEKK GARCH(1,1) Model," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(1), pages 579-591, January.
    34. Symitsi, Efthymia & Chalvatzis, Konstantinos J., 2019. "The economic value of Bitcoin: A portfolio analysis of currencies, gold, oil and stocks," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 97-110.
    35. Sabna Ali & Syed Mansoob Murshed & Elissaios Papyrakis, 2023. "Oil, export diversification and economic growth in Sudan: evidence from a VAR model," Mineral Economics, Springer;Raw Materials Group (RMG);Luleå University of Technology, vol. 36(1), pages 77-96, January.
    36. Nikola Fabris & Milutin Ješić, 2023. "Are Gold and Bitcoin a Safe Haven for European Indices?," Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, Central bank of Montenegro, vol. 12(1), pages 27-44.
    37. Adekoya, Oluwasegun B. & Oliyide, Johnson A. & Yaya, OlaOluwa S. & Al-Faryan, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh, 2022. "Does oil connect differently with prominent assets during war? Analysis of intra-day data during the Russia-Ukraine saga," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    38. Cui, Jinxin & Maghyereh, Aktham, 2024. "Higher-order moment risk spillovers across various financial and commodity markets: Insights from the Israeli–Palestinian conflict," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    39. Anne Haubo Dyhrberg, 2015. "Hedging Capabilities of Bitcoin. Is it the virtual gold?," Working Papers 201521, School of Economics, University College Dublin.
    40. Sims, Christopher A, 1980. "Macroeconomics and Reality," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(1), pages 1-48, January.
    41. Conlon, Thomas & McGee, Richard, 2020. "Safe haven or risky hazard? Bitcoin during the Covid-19 bear market," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 35(C).
    42. Yin, Libo & Nie, Jing & Han, Liyan, 2021. "Understanding cryptocurrency volatility: The role of oil market shocks," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 233-253.
    43. Oosterlinck, Kim & Reyns, Ariane & Szafarz, Ariane, 2023. "Gold, bitcoin, and portfolio diversification: Lessons from the Ukrainian war," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    44. Goodell, John W. & Goutte, Stephane, 2021. "Co-movement of COVID-19 and Bitcoin: Evidence from wavelet coherence analysis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 38(C).
    45. Kyriazis, Nikolaos & Papadamou, Stephanos & Tzeremes, Panayiotis & Corbet, Shaen, 2024. "Quantifying spillovers and connectedness among commodities and cryptocurrencies: Evidence from a Quantile-VAR analysis," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 33(C).
    46. Bhuiyan, Rubaiyat Ahsan & Husain, Afzol & Zhang, Changyong, 2021. "A wavelet approach for causal relationship between bitcoin and conventional asset classes," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    47. Raheem, Ibrahim D., 2021. "COVID-19 pandemic and the safe haven property of Bitcoin," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 370-375.
    48. Jiang Yu & Yue Shang & Xiafei Li & Dehua Shen, 2021. "Dependence and Risk Spillover among Hedging Assets: Evidence from Bitcoin, Gold, and USD," Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, Hindawi, vol. 2021, pages 1-20, September.
    49. Muneer Shaik & Syed Ahsan Jamil & Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar & Mohammad Sahabuddin & Mustafa Raza Rabbani & Mohd Atif, 2023. "Impact of geo-political risk on stocks, oil, and gold returns during GFC, COVID-19, and Russian – Ukraine War," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(1), pages 2190213-219, December.
    50. Wüstenfeld, Jan & Geldner, Teo, 2022. "Economic uncertainty and national bitcoin trading activity," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    51. Arslanalp, Serkan & Eichengreen, Barry & Simpson-Bell, Chima, 2023. "Gold as international reserves: A barbarous relic no more?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    52. Olaolu Richard Olayeni, 2016. "Causality in Continuous Wavelet Transform Without Spectral Matrix Factorization: Theory and Application," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 47(3), pages 321-340, March.
    53. Zhao, Jing, 2023. "Time-varying impact of geopolitical risk on natural resources prices: Evidence from the hybrid TVP-VAR model with large system," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    54. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara & Abrar, Afsheen & Yarovaya, Larisa & Shah, Adil Ahmad, 2023. "Non-linear relationship between oil and cryptocurrencies: Evidence from returns and shocks," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    55. Bhanja, Niyati & Shah, Adil Ahmad & Dar, Arif Billah, 2023. "Aggregate, asymmetric and frequency-based spillover among equity, precious metals, and cryptocurrency," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    56. Li, Xiafei & Wei, Yu, 2018. "The dependence and risk spillover between crude oil market and China stock market: New evidence from a variational mode decomposition-based copula method," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 565-581.
    57. Rubaiyat Ahsan Bhuiyan & Afzol Husain & Changyong Zhang, 2023. "Diversification evidence of bitcoin and gold from wavelet analysis," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-36, December.
    58. Managi, Shunsuke & Yousfi, Mohamed & Ben Zaied, Younes & Ben Mabrouk, Nejah & Ben Lahouel, Béchir, 2022. "Oil price, US stock market and the US business conditions in the era of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 129-139.
    59. Ren, Xiaohang & Wang, Rui & Duan, Kun & Chen, Jinyu, 2022. "Dynamics of the sheltering role of Bitcoin against crude oil market crash with varying severity of the COVID-19: A comparison with gold," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    60. David Y. Aharon & Zaghum Umar & Xuan Vinh Vo, 2021. "Dynamic spillovers between the term structure of interest rates, bitcoin, and safe-haven currencies," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 7(1), pages 1-25, December.
    61. Al-Nassar, Nassar S. & Boubaker, Sabri & Chaibi, Anis & Makram, Beljid, 2023. "In search of hedges and safe havens during the COVID─19 pandemic: Gold versus Bitcoin, oil, and oil uncertainty," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 318-332.
    62. Baur, Dirk G. & Hong, KiHoon & Lee, Adrian D., 2018. "Bitcoin: Medium of exchange or speculative assets?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 177-189.
    63. repec:eme:mfppss:mf-08-2021-0355 is not listed on IDEAS
    64. Thomas C. Chiang, 2022. "Can gold or silver be used as a hedge against policy uncertainty and COVID-19 in the Chinese market?," China Finance Review International, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 12(4), pages 571-600, June.
    65. Dutta, Anupam & Das, Debojyoti & Jana, R.K. & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2020. "COVID-19 and oil market crash: Revisiting the safe haven property of gold and Bitcoin," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mokni, Khaled & Youssef, Manel & Ajmi, Ahdi Noomen, 2022. "COVID-19 pandemic and economic policy uncertainty: The first test on the hedging and safe haven properties of cryptocurrencies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    2. Feng, Hao & Gao, Da & Duan, Kun & Urquhart, Andrew, 2023. "Does Bitcoin affect decomposed oil shocks differently? Evidence from a quantile-based framework," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    3. Ştefan Cristian Gherghina & Liliana Nicoleta Simionescu, 2023. "Exploring the asymmetric effect of COVID-19 pandemic news on the cryptocurrency market: evidence from nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach and frequency domain causality," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-58, December.
    4. Aissa Djedaiet & Hassan Guenichi & Hicham Ayad, 2024. "Do asymmetric oil shocks impact gold and Bitcoin returns symmetrically? A comparison between the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russo-Ukrainian war," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 48(4), pages 1187-1213, December.
    5. Choudhary, Sangita & Jain, Anshul & Biswal, Pratap Chandra, 2024. "Dynamic linkages among bitcoin, equity, gold and oil: An implied volatility perspective," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 62(PB).
    6. Bouteska, Ahmed & Hassan, M. Kabir & Rashid, Mamunur & Bilgin, Mehmet Hüseyin, 2024. "The dynamics of bonds, commodities and bitcoin based on NARDL approach," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 58-70.
    7. Stefan Cristian Gherghina & Daniel Stefan Armeanu & Jean Vasile Andrei & Camelia Catalina Joldes, 2024. "Spillover Connectedness Between Cryptocurrency and Energy Sector: An Empirical Investigation Under Asymmetric Exogenous Shocks of Health and Geopolitical Crisis and Uncertainties," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(4), pages 16454-16510, December.
    8. Narayan, Shivani & Kumar, Dilip, 2024. "Unveiling interconnectedness and risk spillover among cryptocurrencies and other asset classes," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    9. Ahmed, Walid M.A., 2022. "Robust drivers of Bitcoin price movements: An extreme bounds analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    10. Hsu, Shu-Han & Cheng, Po-Keng & Yang, Yiwen, 2024. "Diversification, hedging, and safe-haven characteristics of cryptocurrencies: A structural change approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    11. Ren, Xiaohang & Wang, Rui & Duan, Kun & Chen, Jinyu, 2022. "Dynamics of the sheltering role of Bitcoin against crude oil market crash with varying severity of the COVID-19: A comparison with gold," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    12. Guo, Xiaochun & Lu, Fengbin & Wei, Yunjie, 2021. "Capture the contagion network of bitcoin – Evidence from pre and mid COVID-19," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    13. Syuhada, Khreshna & Hakim, Arief & Suprijanto, Djoko & Muchtadi-Alamsyah, Intan & Arbi, Lukman, 2022. "Is Tether a safe haven of safe haven amid COVID-19? An assessment against Bitcoin and oil using improved measures of risk," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    14. Su, Chi-Wei & Yang, Shengjie & Qin, Meng & Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona, 2023. "Gold vs bitcoin: Who can resist panic in the U.S.?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    15. Hsu, Shu-Han & Sheu, Chwen & Yoon, Jiho, 2021. "Risk spillovers between cryptocurrencies and traditional currencies and gold under different global economic conditions," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    16. Xu, Lei & Kinkyo, Takuji, 2023. "Hedging effectiveness of bitcoin and gold: Evidence from G7 stock markets," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    17. Khaled Mokni & Elie Bouri & Ahdi Noomen Ajmi & Xuan Vinh Vo, 2021. "Does Bitcoin Hedge Categorical Economic Uncertainty? A Quantile Analysis," SAGE Open, , vol. 11(2), pages 21582440211, May.
    18. Nguyen, Bao Khac Quoc & Pham, Dung Thi Ngoc, 2025. "Investing during a Fintech revolution: The hedge and safe haven properties of Bitcoin and Ethereum," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 73(PA).
    19. Liu, Peng & Yuan, Ying, 2024. "Is Bitcoin a hedge or safe-haven asset during the period of turmoil? Evidence from the currency, bond and stock markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 96(PB).
    20. Hoque, Mohammad Enamul & Billah, Mabruk & Alam, Md Rafayet & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2024. "Gold-backed cryptocurrencies: A hedging tool against categorical and regional financial stress," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:99:y:2024:i:c:s0301420724007724. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/30467 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.