IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/intfor/v39y2023i2p720-735.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Forecasting extreme financial risk: A score-driven approach

Author

Listed:
  • Fuentes, Fernanda
  • Herrera, Rodrigo
  • Clements, Adam

Abstract

This paper develops a new class of dynamic models for forecasting extreme financial risk. This class of models is driven by the score of the conditional distribution with respect to both the duration between extreme events and the magnitude of these events. It is shown that the models are a feasible method for modeling the time-varying arrival intensity and magnitude of extreme events. It is also demonstrated how exogenous variables such as realized measures of volatility can easily be incorporated. An empirical analysis based on a set of major equity indices shows that both the arrival intensity and the size of extreme events vary greatly during times of market turmoil. The proposed framework performs well relative to competing approaches in forecasting extreme tail risk measures.

Suggested Citation

  • Fuentes, Fernanda & Herrera, Rodrigo & Clements, Adam, 2023. "Forecasting extreme financial risk: A score-driven approach," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 720-735.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:intfor:v:39:y:2023:i:2:p:720-735
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2022.02.002
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169207022000310
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2022.02.002?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Buncic, Daniel & Gisler, Katja I.M., 2016. "Global equity market volatility spillovers: A broader role for the United States," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 1317-1339.
    2. Fuentes, Fernanda & Herrera, Rodrigo & Clements, Adam, 2018. "Modeling extreme risks in commodities and commodity currencies," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 108-120.
    3. Delle Monache, Davide & Petrella, Ivan, 2017. "Adaptive models and heavy tails with an application to inflation forecasting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 482-501.
    4. James D. Hamilton & Oscar Jorda, 2002. "A Model of the Federal Funds Rate Target," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 110(5), pages 1135-1167, October.
    5. Torben G. Andersen & Tim Bollerslev & Nour Meddahi, 2005. "Correcting the Errors: Volatility Forecast Evaluation Using High-Frequency Data and Realized Volatilities," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 73(1), pages 279-296, January.
    6. Herrera, R. & Clements, A.E., 2018. "Point process models for extreme returns: Harnessing implied volatility," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 161-175.
    7. Bali, Turan G. & Weinbaum, David, 2007. "A conditional extreme value volatility estimator based on high-frequency returns," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 31(2), pages 361-397, February.
    8. Francesco Calvori & Drew Creal & Siem Jan Koopman & André Lucas, 2017. "Testing for Parameter Instability across Different Modeling Frameworks," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 15(2), pages 223-246.
    9. Peter R. Hansen & Asger Lunde & James M. Nason, 2011. "The Model Confidence Set," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 79(2), pages 453-497, March.
    10. Patton, Andrew J. & Ziegel, Johanna F. & Chen, Rui, 2019. "Dynamic semiparametric models for expected shortfall (and Value-at-Risk)," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 211(2), pages 388-413.
    11. Andersen, Torben G. & Bollerslev, Tim & Meddahi, Nour, 2011. "Realized volatility forecasting and market microstructure noise," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 160(1), pages 220-234, January.
    12. Gorgi, Paolo & Koopman, Siem Jan & Li, Mengheng, 2019. "Forecasting economic time series using score-driven dynamic models with mixed-data sampling," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 1735-1747.
    13. Fulvio Corsi, 2009. "A Simple Approximate Long-Memory Model of Realized Volatility," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Oxford University Press, vol. 7(2), pages 174-196, Spring.
    14. Robert F. Engle & Simone Manganelli, 2004. "CAViaR: Conditional Autoregressive Value at Risk by Regression Quantiles," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 22, pages 367-381, October.
    15. Agarwal, Vikas & Ruenzi, Stefan & Weigert, Florian, 2017. "Tail risk in hedge funds: A unique view from portfolio holdings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(3), pages 610-636.
    16. André Lucas & Bernd Schwaab & Xin Zhang, 2017. "Modeling Financial Sector Joint Tail Risk in the Euro Area," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(1), pages 171-191, January.
    17. Lucas, André & Zhang, Xin, 2016. "Score-driven exponentially weighted moving averages and Value-at-Risk forecasting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 293-302.
    18. Frederic Schoenberg, 2006. "On Non-simple Marked Point Processes," Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Springer;The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, vol. 58(2), pages 223-233, June.
    19. Ole E. Barndorff‐Nielsen & Neil Shephard, 2002. "Econometric analysis of realized volatility and its use in estimating stochastic volatility models," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 64(2), pages 253-280, May.
    20. Herrera, Rodrigo & Schipp, Bernhard, 2014. "Statistics of extreme events in risk management: The impact of the subprime and global financial crisis on the German stock market," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 218-238.
    21. Araújo Santos, Paulo & Fraga Alves, Isabel & Hammoudeh, Shawkat, 2013. "High quantiles estimation with Quasi-PORT and DPOT: An application to value-at-risk for financial variables," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 487-496.
    22. Engle, Robert F. & Gallo, Giampiero M., 2006. "A multiple indicators model for volatility using intra-daily data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 131(1-2), pages 3-27.
    23. Herrera, Rodrigo & González, Nicolás, 2014. "The modeling and forecasting of extreme events in electricity spot markets," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 477-490.
    24. Corsi, Fulvio & Fusari, Nicola & La Vecchia, Davide, 2013. "Realizing smiles: Options pricing with realized volatility," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(2), pages 284-304.
    25. Patton, Andrew J., 2011. "Volatility forecast comparison using imperfect volatility proxies," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 160(1), pages 246-256, January.
    26. Nieto, Maria Rosa & Ruiz, Esther, 2016. "Frontiers in VaR forecasting and backtesting," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 475-501.
    27. Diaa Noureldin & Neil Shephard & Kevin Sheppard, 2012. "Multivariate high‐frequency‐based volatility (HEAVY) models," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(6), pages 907-933, September.
    28. Drew Creal & Siem Jan Koopman & André Lucas, 2013. "Generalized Autoregressive Score Models With Applications," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(5), pages 777-795, August.
    29. F. Blasques & S. J. Koopman & A. Lucas, 2015. "Information-theoretic optimality of observation-driven time series models for continuous responses," Biometrika, Biometrika Trust, vol. 102(2), pages 325-343.
    30. Natalia Nolde & Johanna F. Ziegel, 2016. "Elicitability and backtesting: Perspectives for banking regulation," Papers 1608.05498, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2017.
    31. Gneiting, Tilmann, 2011. "Making and Evaluating Point Forecasts," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 106(494), pages 746-762.
    32. Chiu, Ching-Wai (Jeremy) & Mumtaz, Haroon & Pintér, Gábor, 2017. "Forecasting with VAR models: Fat tails and stochastic volatility," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 1124-1143.
    33. Paul H. Kupiec, 1995. "Techniques for verifying the accuracy of risk measurement models," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 95-24, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    34. Diebold, Francis X & Mariano, Roberto S, 2002. "Comparing Predictive Accuracy," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(1), pages 134-144, January.
    35. McNeil, Alexander J. & Frey, Rudiger, 2000. "Estimation of tail-related risk measures for heteroscedastic financial time series: an extreme value approach," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 7(3-4), pages 271-300, November.
    36. Hong, Yongmiao & Li, Haitao & Zhao, Feng, 2007. "Can the random walk model be beaten in out-of-sample density forecasts? Evidence from intraday foreign exchange rates," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 141(2), pages 736-776, December.
    37. Sahamkhadam, Maziar & Stephan, Andreas & Östermark, Ralf, 2018. "Portfolio optimization based on GARCH-EVT-Copula forecasting models," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 497-506.
    38. Ziggel, Daniel & Berens, Tobias & Weiß, Gregor N.F. & Wied, Dominik, 2014. "A new set of improved Value-at-Risk backtests," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 29-41.
    39. Yao, Xingzhi & Izzeldin, Marwan & Li, Zhenxiong, 2019. "A novel cluster HAR-type model for forecasting realized volatility," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 1318-1331.
    40. Chavez-Demoulin, V. & McGill, J.A., 2012. "High-frequency financial data modeling using Hawkes processes," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 3415-3426.
    41. Longin, Francois M., 2000. "From value at risk to stress testing: The extreme value approach," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 24(7), pages 1097-1130, July.
    42. Nikolaus Hautsch & Rodrigo Herrera, 2020. "Multivariate dynamic intensity peaks‐over‐threshold models," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(2), pages 248-272, March.
    43. Peter Reinhard Hansen & Zhuo Huang & Howard Howan Shek, 2012. "Realized GARCH: a joint model for returns and realized measures of volatility," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(6), pages 877-906, September.
    44. Davis, Richard A. & Mikosch, Thomas & Cribben, Ivor, 2012. "Towards estimating extremal serial dependence via the bootstrapped extremogram," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 170(1), pages 142-152.
    45. Karmakar, Madhusudan & Paul, Samit, 2019. "Intraday portfolio risk management using VaR and CVaR:A CGARCH-EVT-Copula approach," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 699-709.
    46. Mauro Bernardi & Leopoldo Catania, 2019. "Switching generalized autoregressive score copula models with application to systemic risk," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(1), pages 43-65, January.
    47. Marco Bee & Debbie J. Dupuis & Luca Trapin, 2018. "Realized extreme quantile: A joint model for conditional quantiles and measures of volatility with EVT refinements," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(3), pages 398-415, April.
    48. Bali, Turan G., 2000. "Testing the Empirical Performance of Stochastic Volatility Models of the Short-Term Interest Rate," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 35(2), pages 191-215, June.
    49. Bee, Marco & Dupuis, Debbie J. & Trapin, Luca, 2016. "Realizing the extremes: Estimation of tail-risk measures from a high-frequency perspective," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 86-99.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Marco Bee & Luca Trapin, 2018. "Estimating and Forecasting Conditional Risk Measures with Extreme Value Theory: A Review," Risks, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-16, April.
    2. Santos, Douglas G. & Candido, Osvaldo & Tófoli, Paula V., 2022. "Forecasting risk measures using intraday and overnight information," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    3. Catania, Leopoldo & Grassi, Stefano, 2022. "Forecasting cryptocurrency volatility," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 878-894.
    4. Hoga, Yannick, 2021. "The uncertainty in extreme risk forecasts from covariate-augmented volatility models," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 675-686.
    5. Opschoor, Anne & Lucas, André, 2023. "Time-varying variance and skewness in realized volatility measures," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 827-840.
    6. Song, Shijia & Li, Handong, 2022. "Predicting VaR for China's stock market: A score-driven model based on normal inverse Gaussian distribution," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    7. Elena Ivona Dumitrescu & Georgiana-Denisa Banulescu, 2019. "Do High-frequency-based Measures Improve Conditional Covariance Forecasts?," Post-Print hal-03331122, HAL.
    8. Taylor, James W., 2020. "Forecast combinations for value at risk and expected shortfall," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 428-441.
    9. Gerlach, Richard & Wang, Chao, 2020. "Semi-parametric dynamic asymmetric Laplace models for tail risk forecasting, incorporating realized measures," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 489-506.
    10. Timo Dimitriadis & Xiaochun Liu & Julie Schnaitmann, 2020. "Encompassing Tests for Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall Multi-Step Forecasts based on Inference on the Boundary," Papers 2009.07341, arXiv.org.
    11. David Happersberger & Harald Lohre & Ingmar Nolte, 2020. "Estimating portfolio risk for tail risk protection strategies," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 26(4), pages 1107-1146, September.
    12. Song, Shijia & Tian, Fei & Li, Handong, 2021. "An intraday-return-based Value-at-Risk model driven by dynamic conditional score with censored generalized Pareto distribution," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    13. Ning Zhang & Yujing Gong & Xiaohan Xue, 2023. "Less disagreement, better forecasts: Adjusted risk measures in the energy futures market," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(10), pages 1332-1372, October.
    14. Lazar, Emese & Xue, Xiaohan, 2020. "Forecasting risk measures using intraday data in a generalized autoregressive score framework," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 1057-1072.
    15. Meng, Xiaochun & Taylor, James W., 2018. "An approximate long-memory range-based approach for value at risk estimation," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 377-388.
    16. Dimitriadis, Timo & Schnaitmann, Julie, 2021. "Forecast encompassing tests for the expected shortfall," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 604-621.
    17. Catania, Leopoldo & Proietti, Tommaso, 2020. "Forecasting volatility with time-varying leverage and volatility of volatility effects," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1301-1317.
    18. Hallin, Marc & Trucíos, Carlos, 2023. "Forecasting value-at-risk and expected shortfall in large portfolios: A general dynamic factor model approach," Econometrics and Statistics, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 1-15.
    19. Gordy, Michael B. & McNeil, Alexander J., 2020. "Spectral backtests of forecast distributions with application to risk management," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    20. Zhang, Ning & Su, Xiaoman & Qi, Shuyuan, 2023. "An empirical investigation of multiperiod tail risk forecasting models," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:intfor:v:39:y:2023:i:2:p:720-735. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijforecast .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.