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Toilets for education: Evidence from Kenya’s primary school-level data

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  • Kim, Hyoungjong
  • Rhee, Dong-Eun

Abstract

This study empirically examines the effects of school toilet provision on the primary-school attendance rate in Kenya. Using over 4200 school-level observations between 2013 and 2015, the results consistently show that an increase in the school toilet availability per student significantly raises the primary school attendance rate among both boys and girls. Moreover, the effects are larger for girls than for boys, and especially for pubescent girls. The results suggest that the provision of school toilets is critical to reduce the gender education gap in developing countries, as well as to improve overall school attendance.

Suggested Citation

  • Kim, Hyoungjong & Rhee, Dong-Eun, 2019. "Toilets for education: Evidence from Kenya’s primary school-level data," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1-1.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:injoed:v:70:y:2019:i:c:8
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2019.102090
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Ray, Rita & Datta, Rajlakshmi, 2017. "Do separate female toilets in primary and upper primary schools improve female enrollment? A case study from India," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 263-273.
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    8. Emily Oster & Rebecca Thornton, 2011. "Menstruation, Sanitary Products, and School Attendance: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 3(1), pages 91-100, January.
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    2. Bhatnagar, Abhishek & Jaiswal, Animesh & Jain, Ansh & Bolia, Nomesh B., 2022. "An analysis of key indicators for enhancing school performance: Evidences from India," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

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    JEL classification:

    • H75 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare
    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • I25 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Economic Development
    • I28 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Government Policy
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • O15 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
    • O55 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Africa

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