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The time-varying risk–return trade-off and its explanatory and predictive factors

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  • Alemany, Nuria
  • Aragó, Vicent
  • Salvador, Enrique

Abstract

We analyze the intertemporal dimension of the risk–return trade-off and determine the drivers that better explain and predict its evolution. To this end, we propose a novel estimate of the relationship between return and risk where we generate time variation in the trade-off without conditioning the estimates to any state variable. We compare this dynamic approach with time-invariant or state-dependent estimates and observe that our dynamic method reasonably aligns with the constant (state dependent) methods but it offers a much broader picture of the risk–return trade-off. We also link its evolution to a set of macroeconomic, systematic and sentiment or uncertainty risk factors. We find that the risk–return relationship is positive during expansionary periods but it decreases during recessionary periods where occasionally even turns out negative. Our main conclusions hold for the consideration of hedging components, different MV-GARCH models or window lengths and several proxies of market returns and risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Alemany, Nuria & Aragó, Vicent & Salvador, Enrique, 2023. "The time-varying risk–return trade-off and its explanatory and predictive factors," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecofin:v:68:y:2023:i:c:s1062940823000761
    DOI: 10.1016/j.najef.2023.101953
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    Cited by:

    1. Alemany, Nuria & Aragó, Vicent & Salvador, Enrique, 2025. "Uncovering the risk-return trade-off through ridge regressions," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Risk-return trade-off; Participation effect; Flight-to-safety; Macroeconomic factors; Systematic factors; Sentiment factors;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G10 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - General (includes Measurement and Data)
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G19 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Other

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