IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/cup/endeec/v26y2021i5-6p605-631_10.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Determinants of uptake and strategies to improve agricultural insurance in Africa: a review

Author

Listed:
  • Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel
  • Kamau, Juliet Wanjiku
  • Baumüller, Heike

Abstract

Weather shocks affect smallholder farmers and pastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa unequally. Agricultural insurance has emerged as a safety net option to protect farmers’ welfare. However, in comparison to other regions, fewer African farmers and pastoralists have adopted agricultural insurance. This review synthesises broad recent literature on why insurance take-up has remained low and highlights six key themes, including: (1) product quality, (2) product design, (3) affordability, (4) information and education, (5) behavioural and sociocultural factors, and (6) the role of government in enabling markets. We shed light on how insurance uptake can be encouraged.

Suggested Citation

  • Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel & Kamau, Juliet Wanjiku & Baumüller, Heike, 2021. "Determinants of uptake and strategies to improve agricultural insurance in Africa: a review," Environment and Development Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 26(5-6), pages 605-631, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:cup:endeec:v:26:y:2021:i:5-6:p:605-631_10
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1355770X21000085/type/journal_article
    File Function: link to article abstract page
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pablo Suarez & Joanne Linnerooth‐Bayer, 2010. "Micro‐insurance for local adaptation," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 1(2), pages 271-278, March.
    2. Leonard Onyiriuba & E.U. Okoro Okoro & Godwin Imo Ibe, 2020. "Strategic government policies on agricultural financing in African emerging markets," Agricultural Finance Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 80(4), pages 563-588, April.
    3. Elabed, Ghada & Carter, Michael R., 2015. "Compound-risk aversion, ambiguity and the willingness to pay for microinsurance," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 150-166.
    4. Carter, Michael R. & Janzen, Sarah A., 2018. "Social protection in the face of climate change: targeting principles and financing mechanisms," Environment and Development Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 23(3), pages 369-389, June.
    5. Nathaniel Jensen & Christopher Barrett, 2017. "Agricultural Index Insurance for Development," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 39(2), pages 199-219.
    6. Dean Karlan & Robert Osei & Isaac Osei-Akoto & Christopher Udry, 2014. "Agricultural Decisions after Relaxing Credit and Risk Constraints," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 129(2), pages 597-652.
    7. H. Holly Wang & Raphael N. Karuaihe & Douglas L. Young & Yuehua Zhang, 2013. "Farmers' demand for weather-based crop insurance contracts: the case of maize in south africa," Agrekon, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(1), pages 87-110, March.
    8. Carter, Michael R. & Cheng, Lan & Sarris, Alexandros, 2016. "Where and how index insurance can boost the adoption of improved agricultural technologies," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 59-71.
    9. Serfilippi, Elena & Carter, Michael & Guirkinger, Catherine, 2020. "Insurance contracts when individuals “greatly value” certainty: Results from a field experiment in Burkina Faso," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 731-743.
    10. Takahashi, Kazushi & Ikegami, Munenobu & Sheahan, Megan & Barrett, Christopher B., 2016. "Experimental Evidence on the Drivers of Index-Based Livestock Insurance Demand in Southern Ethiopia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 324-340.
    11. Sarah A Janzen & Michael R Carter, 2019. "After the Drought: The Impact of Microinsurance on Consumption Smoothing and Asset Protection," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 101(3), pages 651-671.
    12. Hans P. Binswanger-Mkhize, 2012. "Is There Too Much Hype about Index-based Agricultural Insurance?," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(2), pages 187-200, February.
    13. Bulte, Erwin & Cecchi, Francesco & Lensink, Robert & Marr, Ana & van Asseldonk, Marcel, 2020. "Does bundling crop insurance with certified seeds crowd-in investments? Experimental evidence from Kenya," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 744-757.
    14. Kazushi Takahashi & Christopher B Barrett & Munenobu Ikegami, 2019. "Does Index Insurance Crowd In or Crowd Out Informal Risk Sharing? Evidence from Rural Ethiopia," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 101(3), pages 672-691.
    15. de Janvry, A. & Dequiedt, V. & Sadoulet, E., 2014. "The demand for insurance against common shocks," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 227-238.
    16. Jensen, Nathaniel D. & Mude, Andrew G. & Barrett, Christopher B., 2018. "How basis risk and spatiotemporal adverse selection influence demand for index insurance: Evidence from northern Kenya," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 172-198.
    17. Ruth Vargas Hill & John Hoddinott & Neha Kumar, 2013. "Adoption of weather-index insurance: learning from willingness to pay among a panel of households in rural Ethiopia," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 44(4-5), pages 385-398, July.
    18. Gin, Xavier & Yang, Dean, 2009. "Insurance, credit, and technology adoption: Field experimental evidencefrom Malawi," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(1), pages 1-11, May.
    19. Paswel Marenya & Vincent H. Smith & Ephraim Nkonya, 2014. "Relative Preferences for Soil Conservation Incentives among Smallholder Farmers: Evidence from Malawi," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 96(3), pages 690-710.
    20. Million A. Tadesse & Frode Alfnes & Olaf Erenstein & Stein T. Holden, 2017. "Demand for a labor-based drought insurance scheme in Ethiopia: a stated choice experiment approach," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 48(4), pages 501-511, July.
    21. Ricome, Aymeric & Affholder, François & Gérard, Françoise & Muller, Bertrand & Poeydebat, Charlotte & Quirion, Philippe & Sall, Moussa, 2017. "Are subsidies to weather-index insurance the best use of public funds? A bio-economic farm model applied to the Senegalese groundnut basin," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 149-176.
    22. Ng’ang’a, Stanley Karanja & Bulte, Erwin H. & Giller, Ken E. & Ndiwa, Nicholas N. & Kifugo, Shem C. & McIntire, John M. & Herrero, Mario & Rufino, Mariana C., 2016. "Livestock wealth and social capital as insurance against climate risk: A case study of Samburu County in Kenya," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 44-54.
    23. Jan Börner & Gerald Shively & Sven Wunder & Miriam Wyman, 2015. "How Do Rural Households Cope with Economic Shocks? Insights from Global Data using Hierarchical Analysis," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 66(2), pages 392-414, June.
    24. Bhattamishra, Ruchira & Barrett, Christopher B., 2010. "Community-Based Risk Management Arrangements: A Review," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 38(7), pages 923-932, July.
    25. Morsink,Karlijn & Clarke,Daniel Jonathan & Mapfumo,Shadreck, 2016. "How to measure whether index insurance provides reliable protection," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7744, The World Bank.
    26. Shukri Ahmed & Craig McIntosh & Alexandros Sarris, 2020. "The Impact of Commercial Rainfall Index Insurance: Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 102(4), pages 1154-1176, August.
    27. Olivier Mahul & Charles J. Stutley, 2010. "Government Support to Agricultural Insurance : Challenges and Options for Developing Countries," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 2432.
    28. Belissa, Temesgen Keno & Lensink, Robert & van Asseldonk, Marcel, 2020. "Risk and ambiguity aversion behavior in index-based insurance uptake decisions: Experimental evidence from Ethiopia," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 718-730.
    29. Alexis Berg & Philippe Quirion & Benjamin Sultan, 2009. "Weather-index drought insurance in Burkina-Faso: assessment of its potential interest to farmers," Post-Print hal-00520893, HAL.
    30. Holly Wang, H. & Karuaihe, Raphael N. & Young, Douglas L. & Zhang, Yuehua, 2013. "Farmers’ demand for weather-based crop insurance contracts: the case of maize in south africa," Agrekon, Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA), vol. 52(01), March.
    31. Richard A. Gallenstein & Khushbu Mishra & Abdoul G. Sam & Mario J. Miranda, 2019. "Willingness to Pay for Insured Loans in Northern Ghana," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 70(3), pages 640-662, September.
    32. Leigh Johnson & Brenda Wandera & Nathan Jensen & Rupsha Banerjee, 2019. "Competing Expectations in an Index-Based Livestock Insurance Project," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 55(6), pages 1221-1239, June.
    33. Duru, Maya Joan, 2016. "Too Certain to Invest? Public Safety Nets and Insurance Markets in Ethiopia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 37-51.
    34. Sebastain N. Awondo & Genti Kostandini & Peter Setimela & Olaf Erenstein, 2020. "Multi‐Site Bundling of Drought Tolerant Maize Varieties and Index Insurance," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 71(1), pages 239-259, February.
    35. Delavallade, Clara & Dizon, Felipe & Hill, Ruth & Petraud, Jean Paul, 2015. "Managing Risk with Insurance and Savings: Experimental Evidence for Male and Female Farm Managers in the Sahel," SALDRU Working Papers 142, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town.
    36. Mario J. Miranda & Katie Farrin, 2012. "Index Insurance for Developing Countries," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 34(3), pages 391-427.
    37. Daniel J. Clarke, 2016. "A Theory of Rational Demand for Index Insurance," American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 8(1), pages 283-306, February.
    38. Casaburi, Lorenzo & ,, 2018. "Time vs. State in Insurance: Experimental Evidence from Contract Farming in Kenya," CEPR Discussion Papers 12896, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    39. William M. Fonta & Safietou Sanfo & Abbi M. Kedir & Djiby R. Thiam, 2018. "Estimating farmers’ willingness to pay for weather index-based crop insurance uptake in West Africa: Insight from a pilot initiative in Southwestern Burkina Faso," Agricultural and Food Economics, Springer;Italian Society of Agricultural Economics (SIDEA), vol. 6(1), pages 1-20, December.
    40. Quentin Stoeffler & Michael Carter & Catherine Guirkinger & Wouter Gelade, 2022. "The Spillover Impact of Index Insurance on Agricultural Investment by Cotton Farmers in Burkina Faso," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 36(1), pages 114-140.
    41. Nathaniel D. Jensen & Christopher B. Barrett & Andrew G. Mude, 2016. "Index Insurance Quality and Basis Risk: Evidence from Northern Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 98(5), pages 1450-1469.
    42. Awondo, Sebastain N., 2019. "Efficiency of region-wide catastrophic weather risk pools: Implications for African Risk Capacity insurance program," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 111-118.
    43. O. E. Burger, 1939. "Agricultural Insurance In South Africa1," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 7(4), pages 410-425, December.
    44. Freya von Negenborn & Ron Weber & Oliver Musshoff, 2018. "Explaining weather-related credit risk with evapotranspiration and precipitation indices," Agricultural Finance Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 78(2), pages 246-261, February.
    45. Dillon, Brian & Barrett, Christopher B., 2017. "Agricultural factor markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: An updated view with formal tests for market failure," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 64-77.
    46. John G. McPeak & Cheryl R. Doss, 2006. "Are Household Production Decisions Cooperative? Evidence on Pastoral Migration and Milk Sales from Northern Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 88(3), pages 525-541.
    47. Chantarat, Sommarat & Mude, Andrew G. & Barrett, Christopher B. & Turvey, Calum G., 2017. "Welfare Impacts of Index Insurance in the Presence of a Poverty Trap," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 119-138.
    48. Bishu, Kinfe G & Lahiff, Edward & O’Reilly, Seamus & Gebregziabher, Mulugeta, 2018. "Drivers of farmers’ cattle insurance decisions: evidence from smallholders in northern Ethiopia," Agrekon, Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA), vol. 57(01), March.
    49. Belissa, Temesgen & Bulte, Erwin & Cecchi, Francesco & Gangopadhyay, Shubhashis & Lensink, Robert, 2019. "Liquidity constraints, informal institutions, and the adoption of weather insurance: A randomized controlled Trial in Ethiopia," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 269-278.
    50. Vincent H. Smith, 2016. "Producer Insurance and Risk Management Options for Smallholder Farmers," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 31(2), pages 271-289.
    51. Visser, Martine & Jumare, Hafsah & Brick, Kerri, 2020. "Risk preferences and poverty traps in the uptake of credit and insurance amongst small-scale farmers in South Africa," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 826-836.
    52. Allen, James E., 2018. "Are agricultural markets more developed around cities? Testing for urban heterogeneity in separability in Tanzania," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 199-212.
    53. Gharad Bryan, 2019. "Ambiguity Aversion Decreases the Impact of Partial Insurance: Evidence from African Farmers," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 17(5), pages 1428-1469.
    54. repec:ags:ijag24:345239 is not listed on IDEAS
    55. Elizabeth R. Bageant & Christopher B. Barrett, 2017. "Are There Gender Differences in Demand for Index-Based Livestock Insurance?," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(6), pages 932-952, June.
    56. repec:plo:pcbi00:1003149 is not listed on IDEAS
    57. Delavallade, Clara & Dizon, Felipe & Hill, Ruth Vargas & Petraud, Jean Paul, 2015. "Managing risk with insurance and savings: Experimental evidence for male and female farm managers in West Africa," IFPRI discussion papers 1426, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    58. Kinfe G Bishu & Edward Lahiff & Seamus O’Reilly & Mulugeta Gebregziabher, 2018. "Drivers of farmers’ cattle insurance decisions: evidence from smallholders in northern Ethiopia," Agrekon, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(1), pages 40-48, January.
    59. Platteau, Jean-Philippe & De Bock, Ombeline & Gelade, Wouter, 2017. "The Demand for Microinsurance: A Literature Review," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 139-156.
    60. Jensen, Nathaniel & Stoeffler, Quentin & Fava, Francesco & Vrieling, Anton & Atzberger, Clement & Meroni, Michele & Mude, Andrew & Carter, Michael, 2019. "Does the design matter? Comparing satellite-based indices for insuring pastoralists against drought," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 59-73.
    61. Lowder, Sarah K. & Skoet, Jakob & Raney, Terri, 2016. "The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 16-29.
    62. Eleanor Fisher & Jon Hellin & Helen Greatrex & Nathaniel Jensen, 2019. "Index insurance and climate risk management: Addressing social equity," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 37(5), pages 581-602, September.
    63. Craig McIntosh & Alexander Sarris & Fotis Papadopoulos, 2013. "Productivity, credit, risk, and the demand for weather index insurance in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 44(4-5), pages 399-417, July.
    64. Ghada Elabed & Marc F. Bellemare & Michael R. Carter & Catherine Guirkinger, 2013. "Managing basis risk with multiscale index insurance," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 44(4-5), pages 419-431, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Juliet Wanjiku Kamau & Christian Schader & Lisa Biber-Freudenberger & Till Stellmacher & David M. Amudavi & Jan Landert & Johan Blockeel & Cory Whitney & Christian Borgemeister, 2022. "A holistic sustainability assessment of organic (certified and non-certified) and non-organic smallholder farms in Kenya," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(5), pages 6984-7021, May.
    2. Ifedotun Aina & Opeyemi Ayinde & Djiby Thiam & Mario Miranda, 2024. "Crop index insurance as a tool for climate resilience: lessons from smallholder farmers in Nigeria," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 120(5), pages 4811-4828, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Castaing, Pauline & Gazeaud, Jules, 2025. "Do index insurance programs live up to their promises? Aggregating evidence from multiple experiments," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    2. Stoeffler, Quentin & Opuz, Gülce, 2022. "Price, information and product quality: Explaining index insurance demand in Burkina Faso," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    3. Quentin Stoeffler & Michael Carter & Catherine Guirkinger & Wouter Gelade, 2022. "The Spillover Impact of Index Insurance on Agricultural Investment by Cotton Farmers in Burkina Faso," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 36(1), pages 114-140.
    4. Sarah A. Janzen & Michael R. Carter & Munenobu Ikegami, 2021. "Can insurance alter poverty dynamics and reduce the cost of social protection in developing countries?," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 88(2), pages 293-324, June.
    5. Sarah Janzen & Nicholas Magnan & Conner Mullally & Soye Shin & I. Bailey Palmer & Judith Oduol & Karl Hughes, 2021. "Can Experiential Games and Improved Risk Coverage Raise Demand for Index Insurance? Evidence from Kenya," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 103(1), pages 338-361, January.
    6. Williams Ali & Awudu Abdulai & Ashok K. Mishra, 2020. "Recent Advances in the Analyses of Demand for Agricultural Insurance in Developing and Emerging Countries," Annual Review of Resource Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 12(1), pages 411-430, October.
    7. Glenn W. Harrison & Jia Min Ng, 2019. "Behavioral insurance and economic theory: A literature review," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 22(2), pages 133-182, July.
    8. Dougherty, John P. & Flatnes, Jon Einar & Gallenstein, Richard A. & Miranda, Mario J. & Sam, Abdoul G., 2020. "Climate change and index insurance demand: Evidence from a framed field experiment in Tanzania," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 155-184.
    9. Belissa, Temesgen K. & Lensink, Robert & Marr, Ana, 2025. "The impact of bundling index insurance with credit and input vouchers: Experimental evidence from Ethiopia," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    10. Ward, Patrick S. & Kumar, Neha & De Nicola, Francesca & Hill, Ruth & Makhija, Simrin & Spielman, David J. & Magnan, Nicholas, 2017. "Insuring Against Drought: Evidence on Agricultural Intensification and Demand for Index Insurance from a Randomized Evaluation in Rural Bangladesh," 2017 Annual Meeting, July 30-August 1, Chicago, Illinois 258090, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    11. Nathaniel Jensen & Christopher Barrett, 2017. "Agricultural Index Insurance for Development," Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 39(2), pages 199-219.
    12. Williams Ali & Awudu Abdulai & Renan Goetz & Victor Owusu, 2021. "Risk, ambiguity and willingness to participate in crop insurance programs: Evidence from a field experiment," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 65(3), pages 679-703, July.
    13. Hill, Ruth Vargas & Kumar, Neha & Magnan, Nicholas & Makhija, Simrin & de Nicola, Francesca & Spielman, David J. & Ward, Patrick S., 2019. "Ex ante and ex post effects of hybrid index insurance in Bangladesh," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 1-17.
    14. Jensen, Nathaniel D. & Mude, Andrew G. & Barrett, Christopher B., 2018. "How basis risk and spatiotemporal adverse selection influence demand for index insurance: Evidence from northern Kenya," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 172-198.
    15. Hill, Ruth Vargas & Kumar, Neha & Magnan, Nicholas & Makhija, Simrin & de Nicola, Francesca & Spielman, David J. & Ward, Patrick S., 2017. "Insuring against droughts: Evidence on agricultural intensification and index insurance demand from a randomized evaluation in rural Bangladesh," IFPRI discussion papers 1630, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    16. Takahashi, Kazushi & Noritomo, Yuma & Ikegami, Munenobu & Jensen, Nathaniel D., 2020. "Understanding pastoralists’ dynamic insurance uptake decisions: Evidence from four-year panel data in Ethiopia," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    17. Berg, Erlend & Blake, Michael & Morsink, Karlijn, 2022. "Risk sharing and the demand for insurance: Theory and experimental evidence from Ethiopia," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 236-256.
    18. Cecchi, Francesco & Lensink, Robert & Slingerland, Edwin, 2024. "Ambiguity attitudes and demand for weather index insurance with and without a credit bundle: experimental evidence from Kenya," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 41(C).
    19. Lichtenberg, Erik & Iglesias, Eva, 2022. "Index insurance and basis risk: A reconsideration," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    20. Wong, Ho Lun & Wei, Xiangdong & Kahsay, Haftom Bayray & Gebreegziabher, Zenebe & Gardebroek, Cornelis & Osgood, Daniel E. & Diro, Rahel, 2020. "Effects of input vouchers and rainfall insurance on agricultural production and household welfare: Experimental evidence from northern Ethiopia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:cup:endeec:v:26:y:2021:i:5-6:p:605-631_10. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Kirk Stebbing (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.cambridge.org/ede .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.