IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bdr/ensayo/y2025i109p1-85.html

Barreras de acceso al crédito a pequeños productores agropecuarios en Colombia

Author

Listed:
  • Karelys Guzmán-Finol
  • Andrea Paola Poveda-Olarte
  • Clark Granger
  • Dairo Estrada
  • Valeria Salas
  • John Sebastian Tobar-Cruz
  • Miguel Sarmiento
  • Eduardo Yanquen
  • Fernando Arias-Rodríguez
  • Jorge Florez-Acosta
  • Margarita Gafaro
  • Alejandra González
  • Alex Pérez
  • Camilo Bohorquez-Penuela

Abstract

Este estudio analiza las barreras de acceso al crédito que enfrentan los pequeños productores agropecuarios en Colombia y evalúa las políticas que podrían mitigarlas. Según la literatura, estas barreras surgen de fricciones que afectan tanto la oferta como la demanda de crédito. A través del análisis de datos del Sistema Nacional de Crédito Agropecuario en Colombia, encontramos que el crédito para pequeños productores se canaliza principalmente a través del Banco Agrario de Colombia (BAC), con respaldo del Fondo Agropecuario de Garantías (FAG). La baja participación de la banca privada sugiere la existencia de restricciones que limitan la oferta de financiamiento para este segmento. Mediante ejercicios empíricos identificamos tres fricciones relevantes en el acceso al crédito de pequeños productores agropecuarios en Colombia: los altos costos de colocación, las asimetrías de información, y la elevada exposición al riesgo. Nuestros hallazgos muestran además que el FAG contribuye a mitigar algunas de estas fricciones y facilita el acceso al crédito de estos productores. Sin embargo, su sostenibilidad requiere una evaluación detallada. Asimismo, encontramos evidencia de que los límites a las tasas de interés en los créditos de fomento pueden restringir su colocación, lo que sugiere la necesidad de revisar estos topes teniendo en cuenta los costos de colocación y el riesgo de esta cartera. **** ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the credit constraints faced by small farmers in Colombia and evaluates the policies that could mitigate them. According to the literature, these constraints arise from frictions that affect both the supply and demand for credit. Through an analysis of data from Colombia’s agricultural credit system, we find that credit for small farmers is primarily channeled through the Banco Agrario de Colombia (BAC), with guarantees from the Agricultural Guarantee Fund (FAG). The low participation of private banks suggests the existence of constraints that limit the supply of credit for these farmers. Empirical exercises identify three key frictions affecting small farmers’ access to credit in Colombia: high loan origination costs, information asymmetries, and high exposure to risk. Our findings also show that the FAG helps mitigate some of these constraints and facilitates access to credit for these producers. However, its sustainability requires further evaluation. Additionally, we find evidence that interest rate caps on development credit may restrict loan placements. This suggests the need to reassess these caps, considering both origination costs and the risk associated with this portfolio.

Suggested Citation

  • Karelys Guzmán-Finol & Andrea Paola Poveda-Olarte & Clark Granger & Dairo Estrada & Valeria Salas & John Sebastian Tobar-Cruz & Miguel Sarmiento & Eduardo Yanquen & Fernando Arias-Rodríguez & Jorge Fl, 2025. "Barreras de acceso al crédito a pequeños productores agropecuarios en Colombia," Revista ESPE - Ensayos sobre Política Económica, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, issue 109, pages 1-85, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bdr:ensayo:y:2025:i:109:p:1-85
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.12134/11151/Espe109.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Norman V. Loayza, 2016. "Informality in the Process of Development and Growth," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(12), pages 1856-1916, December.
    2. Rafael La Porta & Andrei Shleifer, 2014. "Informality and Development," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 28(3), pages 109-126, Summer.
    3. Cristina Fernandez & Leonardo Villar, 2017. "The Impact of Lowering the Payroll Tax on Informality in Colombia," Economía Journal, The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association - LACEA, vol. 0(Fall 2017), pages 125-155.
    4. Richard Hinz & Robert Holzmann, 2005. "Old Age Income Support in the 21st century: An International Perspective on Pension Systems and Reform," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 7336, April.
    5. Ana María Jaramillo Jiménez & Juan Camilo Rengifo L�pez, 2018. "Impacto del sistema Metroplús sobre el mercado laboral de las comunas Manrique y Aranjuez de Medellín, Colombia," Revista Lecturas de Economía, Universidad de Antioquia, CIE, issue 89, pages 133-161.
    6. Diego Restuccia & Richard Rogerson, 2013. "Misallocation and productivity," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 16(1), pages 1-10, January.
    7. Oscar Becerra & Leonardo Fabio Morales, 2025. "Labor Demand Responses to Payroll Taxes in an Economy with Wage Rigidity: Evidence from Colombia," Borradores de Economia 1297, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    8. Leyva, Gustavo & Urrutia, Carlos, 2020. "Informality, labor regulation, and the business cycle," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    9. Ulyssea, Gabriel, 2010. "Regulation of entry, labor market institutions and the informal sector," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(1), pages 87-99, January.
    10. Patrick Krennmair & Timo Schmid, 2022. "Flexible domain prediction using mixed effects random forests," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 71(5), pages 1865-1894, November.
    11. Gustavo Leyva & Carlos Urrutia, 2023. "Informal Labor Markets in Times of Pandemic," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 47, pages 158-185, January.
    12. Loayza, Norman V. & Rigolini, Jamele, 2011. "Informal Employment: Safety Net or Growth Engine?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 39(9), pages 1503-1515, September.
    13. Alberola, Enrique & Urrutia, Carlos, 2020. "Does informality facilitate inflation stability?," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    14. Šauer, Radek, 2018. "The macroeconomics of the minimum wage," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 89-112.
    15. Ester Faia & Tommaso Monacelli, 2008. "Optimal Monetary Policy in a Small Open Economy with Home Bias," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 40(4), pages 721-750, June.
    16. Miriam Bruhn & David McKenzie, 2014. "Entry Regulation and the Formalization of Microenterprises in Developing Countries," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 29(2), pages 186-201.
    17. A. D. Roy, 1951. "Some Thoughts On The Distribution Of Earnings," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 3(2), pages 135-146.
    18. Alan Finkelstein Shapiro, 2015. "Institutions, Informal Labor Markets, and Business Cycle Volatility," Economía Journal, The Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association - LACEA, vol. 0(Fall 2015), pages 77-112.
    19. Chang-Tai Hsieh & Peter J. Klenow, 2009. "Misallocation and Manufacturing TFP in China and India," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 124(4), pages 1403-1448.
    20. Bryan, Gharad & Morten, Melanie, 2019. "The aggregate productivity effects of internal migration: evidence from Indonesia," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 88177, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    21. Horvath, Jaroslav, 2018. "Business cycles, informal economy, and interest rates in emerging countries," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 96-116.
    22. Gisele Ferreira-Tiryaki, 2008. "The Informal Economy and Business Cycles," Journal of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(1), pages 91-117, May.
    23. Gabriel Ulyssea, 2018. "Firms, Informality, and Development: Theory and Evidence from Brazil," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 108(8), pages 2015-2047, August.
    24. Ana María Iregui-Bohórquez & Ligia Alba Melo-Becerra & María Teresa Ramírez-Giraldo & Ana María Trib (ed.), 2021. "El camino hacia la igualdad de género en Colombia: todavía hay mucho por hacer (edición 2021)," Books, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, number 2021-isbn:9789586644297, June.
    25. Berger,Suzanne & Piore,Michael J., 1980. "Dualism and Discontinuity in Industrial Societies," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521231343, Enero-Abr.
    26. Glover, Andrew, 2019. "Aggregate effects of minimum wage regulation at the zero lower bound," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 114-128.
    27. Maloney, William F., 1998. "The structure of labor markets in developing countries : time series evidence on competing views," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1940, The World Bank.
    28. Miriam Bruhn, 2011. "License to Sell: The Effect of Business Registration Reform on Entrepreneurial Activity in Mexico," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 93(1), pages 382-386, February.
    29. Horvath, Jaroslav & Yang, Guanyi, 2022. "Unemployment dynamics and informality in small open economies," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    30. Gasparini Leonardo & Leonardo Tornaroli, 2009. "Labor Informality in Latin America and the Caribbean: Patterns and Trends from Household Survey Microdata," Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad, Universidad de los Andes,Facultad de Economía, CEDE.
    31. Gharad Bryan & Melanie Morten, 2019. "The Aggregate Productivity Effects of Internal Migration: Evidence from Indonesia," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 127(5), pages 2229-2268.
    32. Jonathan Eaton & Samuel Kortum, 2002. "Technology, Geography, and Trade," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 70(5), pages 1741-1779, September.
    33. Shapiro, Alan Finkelstein, 2015. "Institutions, informal labor markets, and business cycle volatility," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 123408, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    34. Rafael La Porta & Andrei Shleifer, 2008. "The Unofficial Economy and Economic Development," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 39(2 (Fall)), pages 275-363.
    35. Hugo A. Hopenhayn, 2014. "Firms, Misallocation, and Aggregate Productivity: A Review," Annual Review of Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 6(1), pages 735-770, August.
    36. Pulido, José & Varón, Alejandra, 2024. "Misallocation of the immigrant workforce: Aggregate productivity effects for the host country," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Andrea Otero-Cortés & Karina Acosta & Luis E. Arango & Danilo Aristizábal & Oscar Iván Ávila-Montealegre & Óscar Becerra & Cristina Fernández & Luz A. Flórez & Luis Armando Galvis–Aponte & Anderson Gr, 2025. "Nueva evidencia sobre la informalidad laboral y empresarial en Colombia," Revista ESPE - Ensayos sobre Política Económica, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, issue 108, pages 1-75, February.
    2. Chiarini Bruno & Ferrara Maria & Marzano Elisabetta, 2024. "Noncompliant behaviors in general equilibrium: A survey," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(3), pages 931-955, July.
    3. Pulido, José & Varón, Alejandra, 2024. "Misallocation of the immigrant workforce: Aggregate productivity effects for the host country," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    4. Horvath, Jaroslav & Yang, Guanyi, 2022. "Unemployment dynamics and informality in small open economies," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    5. Dorgyles C. M. Kouakou & Kolotioloma I. H. Yéo, 2025. "Can Innovation Reduce the Size of the Informal Economy?," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. 67(3), pages 623-681, September.
    6. KOUAKOU, Dorgyles C.M. & YEO, Kolotioloma I.H., 2023. "Can innovation reduce the size of the informal economy? Econometric evidence from 138 countries," MPRA Paper 119264, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Abel,Martin & Carranza,Eliana & Geronimo,Kimberly Jean & Ortega Hesles,Maria Elena, 2022. "Can Temporary Wage Incentives Increase Formal Employment ? Experimental Evidence from Mexico," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10234, The World Bank.
    8. Lediga, Collen & Riedel, Nadine & Strohmaier, Kristina, 2025. "What you do (not) get when expanding the net - Evidence from forced taxpayer registrations in South Africa," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    9. Nazim Tamkoc, 2024. "Fading Away Informality by Development," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10956, The World Bank.
    10. Jales, Hugo & Yu, Zhengfei, 2020. "Labor market policies in a Roy-Rosen bargaining economy," CLEF Working Paper Series 29, Canadian Labour Economics Forum (CLEF), University of Waterloo.
    11. Owolabi, Adegboyega O. & Berdiev, Aziz N. & Saunoris, James W., 2022. "Is the shadow economy procyclical or countercyclical over the business cycle? International evidence," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 257-270.
    12. Diego Restuccia & Richard Rogerson, 2017. "The Causes and Costs of Misallocation," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 31(3), pages 151-174, Summer.
    13. Roberto Dell'Anno, 2022. "Theories and definitions of the informal economy: A survey," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(5), pages 1610-1643, December.
    14. Salinas, Aldo & Ortiz, Cristian & Changoluisa, Javier & Muffatto, Moreno, 2023. "Testing three views about the determinants of informal economy: New evidence at global level and by country groups using the CS-ARDL approach," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 438-455.
    15. Gabriel Ulyssea, 2018. "Firms, Informality, and Development: Theory and Evidence from Brazil," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 108(8), pages 2015-2047, August.
    16. Dorgyles C. M. Kouakou, 2023. "Competing against ‘invisibles’: the effect of competition from informal firms on formal firms’ R&D," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 13(1), pages 87-117, March.
    17. Gabriel Natividad, 2018. "Base tributaria y discontinuidades geopolíticas," Investigaciones, Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social.
    18. Matteo Bobba & Luca Flabbi & Santiago Levy, 2022. "Labor Market Search, Informality, And Schooling Investments," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 63(1), pages 211-259, February.
    19. Israt Jahan & Jamie Bologna Pavlik & Ryan Blake Williams, 2020. "Is the devil in the shadow? The effect of institutional quality on income," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(4), pages 1463-1483, November.
    20. Colin C. Williams, 2023. "A Modern Guide to the Informal Economy," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 18668, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • O13 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products
    • Q14 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Agricultural Finance
    • D82 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - - - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bdr:ensayo:y:2025:i:109:p:1-85. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Clorith Angélica Bahos Olivera (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/brcgvco.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.