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Identification, Weak Instruments and Statistical Inference in Econometrics

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Jean-Marie Dufour ()

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Abstract

We discuss statistical inference problems associated with identification and testability in econometrics, and we emphasize the common nature of the two issues. After reviewing the relevant statistical notions, we consider in turn inference in nonparametric models and recent developments on weakly identified models (or weak instruments). We point out that many hypotheses, for which test procedures are commonly proposed, are not testable at all, while some frequently used econometric methods are fundamentally inappropriate for the models considered. Such situations lead to ill-defined statistical problems and are often associated with a misguided use of asymptotic distributional results. Concerning nonparametric hypotheses, we discuss three basic problems for which such difficulties occur: (1) testing a mean (or a moment) under (too) weak distributional assumptions; (2) inference under heteroskedasticity of unknown form; (3) inference in dynamic models with an unlimited number of parameters. Concerning weakly identified models, we stress that valid inference should be based on proper pivotal functions - a condition not satisfied by standard Wald-type methods based on standard errors - and we discuss recent developments in this field, mainly from the viewpoint of building valid tests and confidence sets. The techniques discussed include alternative proposed statistics, bounds, projection, split-sampling, conditioning, Monte Carlo tests. The possibility of deriving a finite-sample distributional theory, robustness to the presence of weak instruments, and robustness to the specification of a model for endogenous explanatory variables are stressed as important criteria assessing alternative procedures.

Nous analysons les problèmes d'inférence associés à l'identification et à la testabilité en économétrie, en soulignant la similarité entre les deux questions. Après une courte revue des notions statistiques requises, nous étudions tour à tour l'inférence dans les modèles non-paramétriques ainsi que les résultats récents sur les modèles structurels faiblement identifiés (ou les instruments faibles). Nous remarquons que beaucoup d'hypothèses, pour lesquelles des tests sont régulièrement proposés, ne sont pas en fait testables, tandis que plusieurs méthodes économétriques fréquemment utilisées sont fondamentalement inappropriées pour les modèles considérés. De telles situations conduisent à des problèmes statistiques mal posés et sont souvent associées à un emploi mal avisé de résultats distributionnels asymptotiques. Concernant les hypothèses non-paramétriques, nous analysons trois problèmes de base pour lesquels de telles difficultés apparaissent: (1) tester une hypothèse sur un moment avec des restrictions trop faibles sur la forme de la distribution; (2) l'inférence avec hétéroscédasticité de forme non spécifiée; (3) l'inférence dans les modèles dynamiques avec un nombre illimité de paramètres. Concernant les modèles faiblement identifiés, nous insistons sur l'importance d'utiliser des fonctions pivotales - une condition qui n'est pas satisfaite par les méthodes usuelles de type Wald basées sur l'emploi d'écart-types - et nous passons en revue les développements récents dans ce domaine, en mettant l'accent sur la construction de test et régions de confiance valides. Les techniques considérées comprennent les différentes statistiques proposées, l'emploi de bornes, la subdivision d'échantillon, les techniques de projection, le conditionnement et les tests de Monte Carlo. Parmi les critères utilisés pour évaluer les procédures, nous insistons sur la possibilité de fournir une théorie distributionnelle à distance finie, sur la robustesse par rapport à la présence d'instruments faibles ainsi que sur la robustesse par rapport la spécification d'un modèle pour les variables explicatives endogènes du modèle.

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Paper provided by CIRANO in its series CIRANO Working Papers with number 2003s-49.

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Date of creation: 01 Jul 2003
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Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2003s-49

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Keywords: hypothesis testing; confidence set; confidence interval; identification; testability; asymptotic theory; exact inference; pivotal function; nonparametric model; Bahadur-Savage; heteroskedasticity; serial dependence; unit root; simultaneous equations; structural model; instrumental variable; weak instrument; weak identification; simultaneous inference; projection; split-sample; conditional test; Monte Carlo test; bootstrap; test d'hypothèse; région de confiance; intervalle de confiance; identification; testabilité; théorie asymptotique; inférence exacte; fonction pivotale; modèle non-paramétrique; Bahadur-Savage; hétéroscédasticité; dépendance sérielle; racine unitaire; équations simultanées; modèle structurel; variable instrumentale; instrument faible; inférence simultanée; projection; subdivision d'échantillon; test conditionnel; test de Monte Carlo; bootstrap;

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
C1 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
C12 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General - - - Hypothesis Testing
C14 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General - - - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods
C15 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General - - - Statistical Simulation Methods
C3 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables
C5 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling

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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Jean-Marie Dufour, 2001. "Logiques et tests d'hypothèses : réflexions sur les problèmes mal posés en économétrie," CIRANO Working Papers 2001s-40, CIRANO. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  2. DUFOUR, Jean-Marie, 2000. "Économétrie, théorie des tests et philosophie des sciences," Cahiers de recherche 2000-14, Universite de Montreal, Departement de sciences economiques. [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  3. Phillips, P C B, 1987. "Time Series Regression with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 277-301, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  4. Phillips, Peter C B, 1984. "The Exact Distribution of LIML: I," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 25(1), pages 249-61, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  5. Jean-Marie Dufour, 1997. "Some Impossibility Theorems in Econometrics with Applications to Structural and Dynamic Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 65(6), pages 1365-1388, November.
  6. Frank Kleibergen, 2002. "Pivotal Statistics for Testing Structural Parameters in Instrumental Variables Regression," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 70(5), pages 1781-1803, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Dufour, Jean-Marie, 1990. "Exact Tests and Confidence Sets in Linear Regressions with Autocorrelated Errors," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 58(2), pages 475-94, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Marcelo J. Moreira, 2003. "A Conditional Likelihood Ratio Test for Structural Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 71(4), pages 1027-1048, 07. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  9. Hahn, Jinyong & Hausman, Jerry, 2002. "Notes on bias in estimators for simultaneous equation models," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 75(2), pages 237-241, April. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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(explanations, Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.)

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  2. Richard Luger, 2004. "Exact Tests of Equal Forecast Accuracy with an Application to the Term Structure of Interest Rates," Working Papers 04-2, Bank of Canada. [Downloadable!]
  3. Denis Bolduc & Lynda Khalaf & Clément Yélou, 2005. "Identification Robust Confidence Sets Methods for Inference on Parameter Ratios and their Application to Estimating Value-of-Time," Computing in Economics and Finance 2005 48, Society for Computational Economics. [Downloadable!]
  4. Mehmet Caner, 2006. "Near Exogeneity and Weak Identification in Generlized Empirical Likelihood estimators : Fixed and Many Moment Asymptotics," Working Papers 212, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Economics, revised Jan 2006. [Downloadable!]
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  5. Marie-Claude Beaulieu & Jean-Marie Dufour & Lynda Khalaf, 2005. "Exact Multivariate Tests of Asset Pricing Models with Stable Asymmetric Distributions," CIRANO Working Papers 2005s-03, CIRANO. [Downloadable!]
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  6. Charlotta Groth & Hashmat Khan, . "Investment adjustment costs: evidence from UK and US industries," Bank of England working papers 332, Bank of England. [Downloadable!]
  7. Mathias D. Cattaneo & Richard K. Crump & Michael Jansson, 2007. "Optimal Inference for Instrumental Variables Regression with non-Gaussian Errors," CREATES Research Papers 2007-11, School of Economics and Management, University of Aarhus. [Downloadable!]
  8. DUFOUR, Jean-Marie & FARHAT, Abdekjelik & HALLIN, Marc, 2005. "Distribution-Free Bounds for Serial Correlation Coefficients in Heteroskedastic Symmetric Time Series," Cahiers de recherche 2005-05, Universite de Montreal, Departement de sciences economiques. [Downloadable!]
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  9. James M. Nason & Gregor W. Smith, 2008. "The new Keynesian Phillips curve : lessons from single-equation econometric estimation," Economic Quarterly, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, issue Fall, pages 361-395. [Downloadable!]
  10. Konstantinos Angelopoulos & George Economides, . "Fiscal Policy, Rent Seeking and Growth under Electoral Uncertainty Theory and Evidence from the OECD," Working Papers 2007_28, Department of Economics, University of Glasgow, revised Apr 2008. [Downloadable!]
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  11. Rembert De Blander, 2008. "Which null hypothesis do overidentification restrictions actually test?," Economics Bulletin, Economics Bulletin, vol. 3(76), pages 1-9. [Downloadable!]
  12. Jeffry Jacob & Thomas Osang, 2007. "Values, Beliefs and Development," Departmental Working Papers 0705, Southern Methodist University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  13. Rolf Scheufele, 2008. "Evaluating the German (New Keynesian) Phillips Curve," IWH Discussion Papers 10-08, Halle Institute for Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
  14. Marie-Claude Beaulieu & Lynda Khalaf & Marie-Hélène Gagnon, 2006. "Testing Financial Integration: Finite Sample Motivated Mothods," Computing in Economics and Finance 2006 233, Society for Computational Economics. [Downloadable!]
  15. Jean-Marie Dufour & Abderrahim Taamouti, 2008. "Exact optimal and adaptive inference in regression models under heteroskedasticity and non-normality of unknown forms," Economics Working Papers we086027, Universidad Carlos III, Departamento de Economía. [Downloadable!]
  16. Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman, 2007. "Enhanced routines for instrumental variables/GMM estimation and testing," Boston College Working Papers in Economics 667, Boston College Department of Economics, revised 05 Sep 2007. [Downloadable!]
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  17. DUFOUR, Jean-Marie & JOUINI, Tarek, 2005. "Finite-Sample Simulation-Based Inference in VAR Models with Applications to Order Selection and Causality Testing," Cahiers de recherche 2005-12, Universite de Montreal, Departement de sciences economiques. [Downloadable!]
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  18. Khalaf, Lynda & Kichian, Maral, 2003. "Are New Keynesian Phillips Curved Identified?," Cahiers de recherche 0312, GREEN. [Downloadable!]
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  19. Lars P. Feld & Justina A.V. Fischer & Gebhard Kirchgässner, 2006. "The Effect of Direct Democracy on Income Redistribution: Evidence for Switzerland," CESifo Working Paper Series CESifo Working Paper No. , CESifo Group Munich. [Downloadable!]
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  20. Sophocles Mavroeidis, 2006. "Testing the New Keynesian Phillips Curve Without Assuming Identification," Working Papers 2006-13, Brown University, Department of Economics. [Downloadable!]
  21. Kleck, Gary & Kovandzic, Tomislav & Schaffer, Mark E, 2005. "Gun Prevalence, Homicide Rates and Causality: A GMM Approach to Endogeneity Bias," CEPR Discussion Papers 5357, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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