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An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. d'Este, Rocco & Yuchtman, Noam, 2023. "Correcting Racial Injustice: Forensic DNA Technology and the Exoneration of the Wrongfully Convicted," IZA Discussion Papers 16076, IZA Network @ LISER.
  2. Kevin Lang & Ariella Kahn-Lang Spitzer, 2020. "Race Discrimination: An Economic Perspective," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 34(2), pages 68-89, Spring.
  3. Xiao Lin & Mark J. Browne & Annette Hofmann, 2022. "Race discrimination in the adjudication of claims: Evidence from earthquake insurance," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 89(3), pages 553-580, September.
  4. Ferrazares, Toshio, 2024. "Monitoring Police with Body-Worn Cameras: Evidence from Chicago," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
  5. Lieberman, Carl, 2024. "Variation in racial disparities in police use of force," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
  6. Lucy C. Sorensen & Andrea M. Headley & Stephen B. Holt, 2025. "On the margin: Who receives a juvenile referral in school and what effect does it have?," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(4), pages 1171-1193, September.
  7. Cunningham, Jamein & Feir, Donn. L. & Gillezeau, Rob, 2021. "Collective Bargaining Rights, Policing, and Civilian Deaths," IZA Discussion Papers 14208, IZA Network @ LISER.
  8. LaVoice, Jessica & Vamossy, Domonkos F., 2024. "Racial disparities in debt collection," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
  9. Riddell, Jordan R. & Worrall, John L., 2021. "Predicting firearm and CEW displays as police officers' response to resistance," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
  10. Makofske, Matthew, 2020. "Pretextual Traffic Stops and Racial Disparities in their Use," MPRA Paper 100792, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  11. Brendan O'Flaherty & Rajiv Sethi & Morgan Williams, 2024. "The nature, detection, and avoidance of harmful discrimination in criminal justice," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(1), pages 289-320, January.
  12. Hossein Zare & Danielle R. Gilmore & Khushbu Balsara & Celina Renee Pargas & Rebecca Valek & Andrea N. Ponce & Niloufar Masoudi & Michelle Spencer & Tatiana Y. Warren & Cassandra Crifasi, 2025. "State-by-State Review: The Spread of Law Enforcement Accountability Policies," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-24, August.
  13. Donald Vandegrift & Brian J. Connor, 2020. "The Effect of Police Use of Lethal Force on Murder Levels in American Cities Before and After Ferguson," Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Springer, vol. 36(1), pages 235-261, March.
  14. Abrahams, Scott, 2020. "Officer differences in traffic stops of minority drivers," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
  15. Aliprantis, Dionissi & Martin, Hal & Tauber, Kristen, 2024. "What determines the success of housing mobility programs?," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
  16. Annan-Phan, Sébastien & Ba, Bocar A., 2024. "JUE Insight: Hot temperatures, aggression, and death at the hands of the police: Evidence from the U.S," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
  17. Mark Hoekstra & CarlyWill Sloan, 2022. "Does Race Matter for Police Use of Force? Evidence from 911 Calls," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 112(3), pages 827-860, March.
  18. Ikenna Uzuegbunam, 2025. "Policing Effects on Black Entrepreneurs’ Financial Performance: The Moderating Impact of Formal and Informal Institutions," Administrative Sciences, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-16, July.
  19. Shi, Ying & Zhu, Maria, 2022. "Equal time for equal crime? Racial bias in school discipline," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
  20. Pauline Grosjean & Federico Masera & Hasin Yousaf, 2023. "Inflammatory Political Campaigns and Racial Bias in Policing," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 138(1), pages 413-463.
  21. Wyatt, Tasha R. & Jain, Vinayak & Ma, TingLan, 2024. "The enemy within: The new war in medical education," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 355(C).
  22. Liu, Jing & Hayes, Michael S. & Gershenson, Seth, 2024. "JUE Insight: From referrals to suspensions: New evidence on racial disparities in exclusionary discipline," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
  23. Nicolás Grau & Damián Vergara, "undated". "A Simple Test for Prejudice in Decision Processes: The Prediction-Based Outcome Test," Working Papers wp493, University of Chile, Department of Economics.
  24. Pradhi Aggarwal & Alec Brandon & Ariel Goldszmidt & Justin Holz & John List & Ian Muir & Gregory Sun & Thomas Yu, 2022. "High-frequency location data shows that race affects the likelihood of being stopped and fined for speeding," Natural Field Experiments 00764, The Field Experiments Website.
  25. Ramos-Maqueda, Manuel & Chen, Daniel L., 2025. "The data revolution in justice," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
  26. Huff, Jessica, 2021. "Understanding police decisions to arrest: The impact of situational, officer, and neighborhood characteristics on police discretion," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
  27. Eric Langlais & Ken Yahagi, 2025. "Law enforcement with unlawful investigations and enforcer's liability," Working Papers hal-05041878, HAL.
  28. Andrea Silva & Diego Esparza, 2021. "Explaining the American crisis of policing: Media, malfeasance, and racial prejudice," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 102(7), pages 3103-3113, December.
  29. Craig Sylvera, 2023. "Black Mayors and Crime," Working Papers 23-27, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
  30. Jesse D. Backstrom & Richard T. Woodward, 2025. "The nature of discrimination in recreation decision making," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 107(5), pages 1303-1334, October.
  31. Farrell, Chelsea, 2022. "Use of force during stop and frisks: Examining the role of suspect demeanor and race," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
  32. Rob Gillezeau & Drake T. Rushford & David N. Weaver, 2022. "Policing and Indigenous Civilian Deaths in Canada," Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, Springer, vol. 5(3), pages 210-239, September.
  33. Clochard, Gwen-Jirō, 2025. "Using a brief contact to improve trust in the police by the youth," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
  34. Hofman, Jake M. & Goldstein, Daniel G. & Sen, Siddhartha & Poursabzi-Sangdeh, Forough & Allen, Jennifer & Dong, Ling Liang & Fried, Brenda & Gaur, Harpreet & Hoq, Adnan & Mbazor, Emeka & Moreira, Naom, 2021. "Expanding the scope of reproducibility research through data analysis replications," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 192-202.
  35. Campbell, Travis, 2024. "Black Lives Matter’s effect on police lethal use of force," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
  36. Levchak, Philip J., 2021. "Stop-and-frisk in New York City: Estimating racial disparities in post-stop outcomes," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
  37. Rocco d’Este & Noam Yuchtman, 2026. "DNA laws and the pursuit of racial justice: Access to forensic DNA technology and the exoneration of the wrongfully convicted," IFS Working Papers W26/20, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
  38. Benjamin Feigenberg & Conrad Miller, 2020. "Racial Disparities in Motor Vehicle Searches Cannot Be Justified by Efficiency," NBER Working Papers 27761, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  39. Stansfield, Richard & Aaronson, Ethan & Okulicz-Kozaryn, Adam, 2021. "Police use of firearms: Exploring citizen, officer, and incident characteristics in a statewide sample," Journal of Criminal Justice, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
  40. Joshua Grossman & Julian Nyarko & Sharad Goel, 2023. "Racial bias as a multi‐stage, multi‐actor problem: An analysis of pretrial detention," Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 20(1), pages 86-133, March.
  41. Keener, Steven & Finn, John & Baird, Andrew F., 2026. "Surveillance Inequality: Race, Poverty, and the Geography of Automated License Plate Reader Deployment," SocArXiv 5ckgv_v1, Center for Open Science.
  42. Amanda Geller & Phillip Atiba Goff & Tracey Lloyd & Amelia Haviland & Dean Obermark & Jack Glaser, 2021. "Measuring Racial Disparities in Police Use of Force: Methods Matter," Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Springer, vol. 37(4), pages 1083-1113, December.
  43. repec:oup:qjecon:v:136:y:2021:i:1:p:115-168. is not listed on IDEAS
  44. Vasudha Jain & Mark Whitmeyer, 2021. "Whose Bias?," Papers 2111.10335, arXiv.org.
  45. Lauren Ceh & Katherine Herrmann & Stephan Munari & Ryan Sullivan & Simon Véronneau, 2026. "Securing critical maritime and Navy infrastructures: A workforce analysis of the Navy Security Forces," Journal of Transportation Security, Springer, vol. 19(1), pages 1-34, December.
  46. Yang, Xiaoliang & Zhou, Peng, 2025. "Unveiling citation bias in economics: Taste-based discrimination against Chinese-authored papers," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
  47. Noray, Kadeem, 2024. "Police brutality, law enforcement, and crime: Evidence from Chicago," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
  48. Midgette, Greg & Spreen, Thomas Luke & Porter, Lauren C. & Reuter, Peter & Hitchens, Brooklynn K., 2024. "A Model to Assess the Feasibility of 911 Call Diversion Programs," SocArXiv kct4y_v1, Center for Open Science.
  49. Monica C. Bell, 2021. "Next-Generation Policing Research: Three Propositions," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 35(4), pages 29-48, Fall.
  50. Wilkes, Rima & Karimi, Aryan, 2023. "Multi-group data versus dual-side theory: On race contrasts and police-caused homicides," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
  51. Pipke, David, 2025. "Revisiting Racial Bias in NBA Refereeing: First So Back, Then So Over," SocArXiv yg6ap_v1, Center for Open Science.
  52. Nemschoff, Danielle, 2022. "An evaluation of Crisis-Intervention Team (CIT) training," MPRA Paper 114948, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  53. Hanemaaijer, Kyra & Ketel, Nadine & Marie, Olivier, 2024. "Minority Salience and Criminal Justice Decisions," IZA Discussion Papers 17396, IZA Network @ LISER.
  54. Federico Masera, 2022. "The economics of policing and crimeThe economics of policing and crime," Chapters, in: Paolo Buonanno & Paolo Vanin & Juan Vargas (ed.), A Modern Guide to the Economics of Crime, chapter 2, pages 12-29, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  55. Claudia Williamson Kramer, 2023. "Individualism and racial tolerance," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 197(3), pages 347-370, December.
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