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Ground heat exchangers—A review of systems, models and applications

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Gao, Jiajia & Li, Anbang & Xu, Xinhua & Gang, Wenjie & Yan, Tian, 2018. "Ground heat exchangers: Applications, technology integration and potentials for zero energy buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 128(PA), pages 337-349.
  2. Md. Hasan Ali & Keishi Kariya & Akio Miyara, 2017. "Performance Analysis of Slinky Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers for a Ground Source Heat Pump System," Resources, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-18, October.
  3. Epting, Jannis & Müller, Matthias H. & Genske, Dieter & Huggenberger, Peter, 2018. "Relating groundwater heat-potential to city-scale heat-demand: A theoretical consideration for urban groundwater resource management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1499-1505.
  4. Ibrahim, Mohamad & Wurtz, Etienne & Biwole, Pascal Henry & Achard, Patrick, 2014. "Transferring the south solar energy to the north facade through embedded water pipes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 834-845.
  5. Gomat, Landry Jean Pierre & Elombo Motoula, Smaël Magloire & M’Passi-Mabiala, Bernard, 2020. "An analytical method to evaluate the impact of vertical part of an earth-air heat exchanger on the whole system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1005-1016.
  6. Zhai, X.Q. & Qu, M. & Yu, X. & Yang, Y. & Wang, R.Z., 2011. "A review for the applications and integrated approaches of ground-coupled heat pump systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 3133-3140, August.
  7. Adriana Greco & Edison Gundabattini & Darius Gnanaraj Solomon & Raja Singh Rassiah & Claudia Masselli, 2022. "A Review on Geothermal Renewable Energy Systems for Eco-Friendly Air-Conditioning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-17, July.
  8. Karlo Borko & Mihael Brenčič & Zdenko Savšek & Jure Knez & Aleš Vozelj & Gregor Kisel & Nina Rman, 2025. "Insights into Aquifer and Borehole Thermal Energy Storage Systems for Slovenia’s Energy Transition," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-23, February.
  9. Faizal, Mohammed & Bouazza, Abdelmalek & Singh, Rao M., 2016. "Heat transfer enhancement of geothermal energy piles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 16-33.
  10. de Moel, Monique & Bach, Peter M. & Bouazza, Abdelmalek & Singh, Rao M. & Sun, JingLiang O., 2010. "Technological advances and applications of geothermal energy pile foundations and their feasibility in Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(9), pages 2683-2696, December.
  11. Yang, H. & Cui, P. & Fang, Z., 2010. "Vertical-borehole ground-coupled heat pumps: A review of models and systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 16-27, January.
  12. José Ignacio Villarino & Alberto Villarino & I. de Arteaga & Roberto Quinteros & Alejandro Alañón, 2019. "A Comparative Energy and Economic Analysis between a Low Enthalpy Geothermal Design and Gas, Diesel and Biomass Technologies for a HVAC System Installed in an Office Building," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-16, March.
  13. Kepes Rodrigues, Michel & da Silva Brum, Ruth & Vaz, Joaquim & Oliveira Rocha, Luiz Alberto & Domingues dos Santos, Elizaldo & Isoldi, Liércio André, 2015. "Numerical investigation about the improvement of the thermal potential of an Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) employing the Constructal Design method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 538-551.
  14. Coccia, Charles J.R. & Gupta, Ranjiv & Morris, Jeremy & McCartney, John S., 2013. "Municipal solid waste landfills as geothermal heat sources," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 463-474.
  15. Florides, G. & Theofanous, E. & Iosif-Stylianou, I. & Tassou, S. & Christodoulides, P. & Zomeni, Z. & Tsiolakis, E. & Kalogirou, S. & Messaritis, V. & Pouloupatis, P. & Panayiotou, G., 2013. "Modeling and assessment of the efficiency of horizontal and vertical ground heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 655-663.
  16. Raymond, Jasmin & Langevin, Hubert & Comeau, Félix-Antoine & Malo, Michel, 2022. "Temperature dependence of rock salt thermal conductivity: Implications for geothermal exploration," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 26-35.
  17. Niu, Fuxin & Yu, Yuebin & Yu, Daihong & Li, Haorong, 2015. "Heat and mass transfer performance analysis and cooling capacity prediction of earth to air heat exchanger," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 211-221.
  18. Xu, Xinhua & Yu, Jinghua & Wang, Shengwei & Wang, Jinbo, 2014. "Research and application of active hollow core slabs in building systems for utilizing low energy sources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 424-435.
  19. Cherati, Davood Yazdani & Ghasemi-Fare, Omid, 2021. "Practical approaches for implementation of energy piles in Iran based on the lessons learned from the developed countries experiences," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
  20. H.Ali, Mohammed & Kurjak, Zoltan & Beke, Janos, 2023. "Investigation of earth air heat exchangers functioning in arid locations using Matlab/Simulink," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 632-643.
  21. Li, Min & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2012. "Heat-source solutions to heat conduction in anisotropic media with application to pile and borehole ground heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 451-458.
  22. Arghand, Taha & Javed, Saqib & Trüschel, Anders & Dalenbäck, Jan-Olof, 2021. "Cooling of office buildings in cold climates using direct ground-coupled active chilled beams," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 122-132.
  23. Rivera, Jaime A. & Blum, Philipp & Bayer, Peter, 2015. "Ground energy balance for borehole heat exchangers: Vertical fluxes, groundwater and storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 1341-1351.
  24. Yusof, T.M. & Ibrahim, H. & Azmi, W.H. & Rejab, M.R.M., 2018. "The thermal characteristics and performance of a ground heat exchanger for tropical climates," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 528-538.
  25. Badache, Messaoud & Eslami-Nejad, Parham & Ouzzane, Mohamed & Aidoun, Zine & Lamarche, Louis, 2016. "A new modeling approach for improved ground temperature profile determination," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 436-444.
  26. Koohi-Fayegh, Seama & Rosen, Marc A., 2012. "Examination of thermal interaction of multiple vertical ground heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 962-969.
  27. Ruiz-Calvo, F. & De Rosa, M. & Acuña, J. & Corberán, J.M. & Montagud, C., 2015. "Experimental validation of a short-term Borehole-to-Ground (B2G) dynamic model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 210-223.
  28. Quirosa, Gonzalo & Torres, Miguel & Becerra, José A. & Jiménez-Espadafor, Francisco J. & Chacartegui, Ricardo, 2023. "Energy analysis of an ultra-low temperature district heating and cooling system with coaxial borehole heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
  29. Yıldız, Ahmet & Ozgener, Onder & Ozgener, Leyla, 2012. "Energetic performance analysis of a solar photovoltaic cell (PV) assisted closed loop earth-to-air heat exchanger for solar greenhouse cooling: An experimental study for low energy architecture in Aegean Region," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 281-287.
  30. Anis Akrouch, Ghassan & Sánchez, Marcelo & Briaud, Jean-Louis, 2020. "Thermal performance and economic study of an energy piles system under cooling dominated conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P2), pages 2736-2747.
  31. Law, Ying Lam E. & Dworkin, Seth B., 2016. "Characterization of the effects of borehole configuration and interference with long term ground temperature modelling of ground source heat pumps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1032-1047.
  32. Guo, Jinyi & Bilbao, Jose I. & Sproul, Alistair B., 2020. "A novel solar cooling cycle – A ground coupled PV/T desiccant cooling (GPVTDC) system with low heat source temperatures," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1273-1284.
  33. Chong, Chiew Shan Anthony & Gan, Guohui & Verhoef, Anne & Garcia, Raquel Gonzalez & Vidale, Pier Luigi, 2013. "Simulation of thermal performance of horizontal slinky-loop heat exchangers for ground source heat pumps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 603-610.
  34. Paul Christodoulides & Ana Vieira & Stanislav Lenart & João Maranha & Gregor Vidmar & Rumen Popov & Aleksandar Georgiev & Lazaros Aresti & Georgios Florides, 2020. "Reviewing the Modeling Aspects and Practices of Shallow Geothermal Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-45, August.
  35. Chae, Hobyung & Nam, Yujin, 2025. "New approach to reduce analysis time of thermal response test: Active thermal response test using linear heat optical fiber sensor," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
  36. Zhang, Donghai & Gao, Penghui & Zhou, Yang & Wang, Yijiang & Zhou, Guoqing, 2020. "An experimental and numerical investigation on temperature profile of underground soil in the process of heat storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 1-21.
  37. Villarino, José Ignacio & Villarino, Alberto & Fernández, Francisco Ángel, 2017. "Experimental and modelling analysis of an office building HVAC system based in a ground-coupled heat pump and radiant floor," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 1020-1028.
  38. Trumpy, Eugenio & Bertani, Ruggero & Manzella, Adele & Sander, Marietta, 2015. "The web-oriented framework of the world geothermal production database: A business intelligence platform for wide data distribution and analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 379-389.
  39. Somogyi, Viola & Sebestyén, Viktor & Nagy, Georgina, 2017. "Scientific achievements and regulation of shallow geothermal systems in six European countries – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 934-952.
  40. Shangyuan Chen & Jinfeng Mao & Xu Han & Chaofeng Li & Liyao Liu, 2016. "Numerical Analysis of the Factors Influencing a Vertical U-Tube Ground Heat Exchanger," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-12, September.
  41. Sagia, Z. & Rakopoulos, C. & Kakaras, E., 2012. "Cooling dominated Hybrid Ground Source Heat Pump System application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 41-47.
  42. Florides, Georgios A. & Christodoulides, Paul & Pouloupatis, Panayiotis, 2013. "Single and double U-tube ground heat exchangers in multiple-layer substrates," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 364-373.
  43. Magdy, Alaaeldin & Ogunleye, Oluwaseun & Mroueh, Hussein & Di Donna, Alice & Singh, Rao Martand, 2025. "A review of exploiting shallow geothermal energy through tunnels: Current status and future prospects," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
  44. Lin, Jian & Nowamooz, Hossein & Braymand, Sandrine & Wolff, Patrice & Fond, Christophe, 2020. "Impact of soil moisture on the long-term energy performance of an earth-air heat exchanger system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P2), pages 2676-2687.
  45. Tong, Cang & Li, Xiangli & Ju, Hengjin & Duanmu, Lin & Huang, Caifeng, 2024. "A hybrid numerical model for horizontal ground heat exchanger," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
  46. Paludetto, Delphine & Lorente, Sylvie, 2016. "Modeling the heat exchanges between a datacenter and neighboring buildings through an underground loop," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 502-509.
  47. Romaní, Joaquim & Pérez, Gabriel & de Gracia, Alvaro, 2017. "Experimental evaluation of a heating radiant wall coupled to a ground source heat pump," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 520-529.
  48. Rodríguez, Rafael & Díaz, María B., 2009. "Analysis of the utilization of mine galleries as geothermal heat exchangers by means a semi-empirical prediction method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(7), pages 1716-1725.
  49. Luo, Jin & Zhao, Haifeng & Jia, Jia & Xiang, Wei & Rohn, Joachim & Blum, Philipp, 2017. "Study on operation management of borehole heat exchangers for a large-scale hybrid ground source heat pump system in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 340-352.
  50. Jun-Seo Jeon & Seung-Rae Lee & Min-Jun Kim & Seok Yoon, 2018. "Suggestion of a Scale Factor to Design Spiral-Coil-Type Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-16, October.
  51. García-Gil, Alejandro & Vázquez-Suñe, Enric & Alcaraz, Maria M. & Juan, Alejandro Serrano & Sánchez-Navarro, José Ángel & Montlleó, Marc & Rodríguez, Gustavo & Lao, José, 2015. "GIS-supported mapping of low-temperature geothermal potential taking groundwater flow into account," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 268-278.
  52. Ozgener, Leyla, 2011. "A review on the experimental and analytical analysis of earth to air heat exchanger (EAHE) systems in Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 4483-4490.
  53. Karytsas, Spyridon & Choropanitis, Ioannis, 2017. "Barriers against and actions towards renewable energy technologies diffusion: A Principal Component Analysis for residential ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 252-271.
  54. Lee, Joo Seong & Park, Honghee & Kim, Yongchan, 2014. "Transient performance characteristics of a hybrid ground-source heat pump in the cooling mode," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 121-128.
  55. Cristina Sáez Blázquez & Arturo Farfán Martín & Ignacio Martín Nieto & Pedro Carrasco García & Luis Santiago Sánchez Pérez & Diego González-Aguilera, 2017. "Efficiency Analysis of the Main Components of a Vertical Closed-Loop System in a Borehole Heat Exchanger," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-15, February.
  56. Kunning Yang & Takao Katsura & Shigeyuki Nagasaka & Katsunori Nagano, 2023. "Analyzing the Performance of Double Spiral Tube Ground Heat Exchangers in a Zero-Energy Building Using Measurement Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-25, October.
  57. Zhang, Linfeng & Huang, Gongsheng & Zhang, Quan & Wang, Jinggang, 2018. "An hourly simulation method for the energy performance of an office building served by a ground-coupled heat pump system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 495-508.
  58. Cao, Ziming & Zhang, Guozhu & Liu, Yiping & Zhao, Xu & Li, Chenglin, 2022. "Influence of backfilling phase change material on thermal performance of precast high-strength concrete energy pile," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 374-390.
  59. Casasso, Alessandro & Sethi, Rajandrea, 2017. "Assessment and mapping of the shallow geothermal potential in the province of Cuneo (Piedmont, NW Italy)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(PB), pages 306-315.
  60. Alcaraz, Mar & García-Gil, Alejandro & Vázquez-Suñé, Enric & Velasco, Violeta, 2016. "Use rights markets for shallow geothermal energy management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 34-46.
  61. Fuchs, Nicolas & Yanez, Guillermo & Nkongdem, Bertrand & Thomsen, Jessica, 2025. "Evaluating low-temperature heat sources for large-scale heat pump integration: A method using open-source data and indicators," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
  62. Baquedano, Carlos & García-Gil, Alejandro & Marazuela, Miguel Ángel & Carnicer, Ana María & Aguilera, Héctor & Santamarta, Juan Carlos & Mejías Fernández, Alejandro, 2022. "The efficiency loss in groundwater heat pump systems triggered by thermal recycling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C), pages 1458-1468.
  63. Bryś, Krystyna & Bryś, Tadeusz & Sayegh, Marderos Ara & Ojrzyńska, Hanna, 2020. "Characteristics of heat fluxes in subsurface shallow depth soil layer as a renewable thermal source for ground coupled heat pumps," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 1846-1866.
  64. Ciriello, V. & Bottarelli, M. & Di Federico, V. & Tartakovsky, D.M., 2015. "Temperature fields induced by geothermal devices," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P2), pages 1896-1903.
  65. García-Gil, Alejandro & Muela Maya, Sylvia & Garrido Schneider, Eduardo & Mejías Moreno, Miguel & Vázquez-Suñé, Enric & Marazuela, Miguel Ángel & Mateo Lázaro, Jesús & Sánchez-Navarro, José Ángel, 2019. "Sustainability indicator for the prevention of potential thermal interferences between groundwater heat pump systems in urban aquifers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 14-24.
  66. Luka Boban & Dino Miše & Stjepan Herceg & Vladimir Soldo, 2021. "Application and Design Aspects of Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-31, April.
  67. Bozzoli, F. & Pagliarini, G. & Rainieri, S. & Schiavi, L., 2011. "Estimation of soil and grout thermal properties through a TSPEP (two-step parameter estimation procedure) applied to TRT (thermal response test) data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 839-846.
  68. Michopoulos, A. & Zachariadis, T. & Kyriakis, N., 2013. "Operation characteristics and experience of a ground source heat pump system with a vertical ground heat exchanger," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 349-357.
  69. Huang, Wenbo & Cao, Wenjiong & Jiang, Fangming, 2018. "A novel single-well geothermal system for hot dry rock geothermal energy exploitation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 630-644.
  70. Li, Wenxin & Li, Xiangdong & Wang, Yong & Du, Ruiqing & Tu, Jiyuan, 2019. "Effect of the heat load distribution on thermal performance predictions of ground heat exchangers in a stratified subsurface," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 340-348.
  71. Casasso, Alessandro & Sethi, Rajandrea, 2015. "Modelling thermal recycling occurring in groundwater heat pumps (GWHPs)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 86-93.
  72. Iwona Pokorska-Silva & Marta Kadela & Bożena Orlik-Kożdoń & Lidia Fedorowicz, 2021. "Calculation of Building Heat Losses through Slab-on-Ground Structures Based on Soil Temperature Measured In Situ," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-19, December.
  73. Ajmeera Kiran & Ch Nagaraju & J Chinna Babu & B Venkatesh & Adarsh Kumar & Surbhi Bhatia Khan & Abdullah Albuali & Shakila Basheer, 2024. "Hybrid optimization algorithm for enhanced performance and security of counter-flow shell and tube heat exchangers," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(3), pages 1-30, March.
  74. Gao, Qing & Li, Ming & Yu, Ming, 2010. "Experiment and simulation of temperature characteristics of intermittently-controlled ground heat exchanges," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 1169-1174.
  75. Aleksandra Stachera & Adam Stolarski & Mariusz Owczarek & Marek Telejko, 2022. "A Method of Multi-Criteria Assessment of the Building Energy Consumption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-32, December.
  76. Aranzabal, Nordin & Martos, Julio & Steger, Hagen & Blum, Philipp & Soret, Jesús, 2019. "Temperature measurements along a vertical borehole heat exchanger: A method comparison," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1247-1258.
  77. Blázquez, Cristina Sáez & Martín, Arturo Farfán & Nieto, Ignacio Martín & García, Pedro Carrasco & Sánchez Pérez, Luis Santiago & González-Aguilera, Diego, 2017. "Analysis and study of different grouting materials in vertical geothermal closed-loop systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 1189-1200.
  78. Mousavi, Seyedmostafa & Rismanchi, Behzad & Brey, Stefan & Aye, Lu, 2021. "PCM embedded radiant chilled ceiling: A state-of-the-art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
  79. Soni, Suresh Kumar & Pandey, Mukesh & Bartaria, Vishvendra Nath, 2015. "Ground coupled heat exchangers: A review and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 83-92.
  80. Cerfontaine, B. & Radioti, G. & Collin, F. & Charlier, R., 2016. "Formulation of a 1D finite element of heat exchanger for accurate modelling of the grouting behaviour: Application to cyclic thermal loading," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 65-79.
  81. Javadi, Hossein & Mousavi Ajarostaghi, Seyed Soheil & Rosen, Marc A. & Pourfallah, Mohsen, 2019. "Performance of ground heat exchangers: A comprehensive review of recent advances," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 207-233.
  82. Parham Eslami-Nejad & Messaoud Badache & Arash Bastani & Zine Aidoun, 2018. "Detailed Theoretical Characterization of a Transcritical CO 2 Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump Water Heater," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-16, February.
  83. Antonio Novelli & Valentina D’Alonzo & Simon Pezzutto & Rubén Aarón Estrada Poggio & Alessandro Casasso & Pietro Zambelli, 2021. "A Spatially-Explicit Economic and Financial Assessment of Closed-Loop Ground-Source Geothermal Heat Pumps: A Case Study for the Residential Buildings of Valle d’Aosta Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-22, November.
  84. Kappler, Genyr & Dias, João Batista & Haeberle, Fernanda & Wander, Paulo Roberto & Moraes, Carlos Alberto Mendes & Modolo, Regina Célia Espinosa, 2019. "Study of an earth-to-water heat exchange system which relies on underground water tanks," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1236-1246.
  85. Amanowicz, Łukasz & Wojtkowiak, Janusz, 2020. "Approximated flow characteristics of multi-pipe earth-to-air heat exchangers for thermal analysis under variable airflow conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 585-597.
  86. Yoon, Seok & Lee, Seung-Rae & Kim, Min-Jun & Kim, Woo-Jin & Kim, Geon-Young & Kim, Kyungsu, 2016. "Evaluation of stainless steel pipe performance as a ground heat exchanger in ground-source heat-pump system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 328-337.
  87. Tang, Fujiao & Nowamooz, Hossein, 2020. "Outlet temperatures of a slinky-type Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger with the atmosphere-soil interaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 705-718.
  88. Bordoloi, Namrata & Sharma, Aashish & Nautiyal, Himanshu & Goel, Varun, 2018. "An intense review on the latest advancements of Earth Air Heat Exchangers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 261-280.
  89. Selamat, Salsuwanda & Miyara, Akio & Kariya, Keishi, 2016. "Numerical study of horizontal ground heat exchangers for design optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 561-573.
  90. Bayer, Peter & Rybach, Ladislaus & Blum, Philipp & Brauchler, Ralf, 2013. "Review on life cycle environmental effects of geothermal power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 446-463.
  91. Violante, Anna Carmela & Proposito, Marco & Donato, Filippo & Guidi, Giambattista & Falconi, Luca Maria, 2021. "Preliminary study of a closed loop vertical ground source heat pump system for an experimental pilot plant (Rome, Italy)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 415-422.
  92. Teguh Hady Ariwibowo & Akio Miyara, 2020. "Thermal Characteristics of Slinky-Coil Ground Heat Exchanger with Discrete Double Inclined Ribs," Resources, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-17, August.
  93. Carotenuto, Alberto & Ciccolella, Michela & Massarotti, Nicola & Mauro, Alessandro, 2016. "Models for thermo-fluid dynamic phenomena in low enthalpy geothermal energy systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 330-355.
  94. Rachana Vidhi, 2018. "A Review of Underground Soil and Night Sky as Passive Heat Sink: Design Configurations and Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-24, October.
  95. Simon, F. & Ordoñez, J. & Reddy, T.A. & Girard, A. & Muneer, T., 2016. "Developing multiple regression models from the manufacturer's ground-source heat pump catalogue data," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 413-421.
  96. Zhang, Changxing & Lu, Xizheng & Liu, Yufeng & Lu, Jiahui & Sun, Shicai, 2023. "Effect of seepage condition in geological stratification on thermal response test analysis of borehole heat exchanger," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 813-822.
  97. Al-Ameen, Yasameen & Ianakiev, Anton & Evans, Robert, 2018. "Recycling construction and industrial landfill waste material for backfill in horizontal ground heat exchanger systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 556-568.
  98. Mihalakakou, Giouli & Souliotis, Manolis & Papadaki, Maria & Halkos, George & Paravantis, John & Makridis, Sofoklis & Papaefthimiou, Spiros, 2022. "Applications of earth-to-air heat exchangers: A holistic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
  99. Karytsas, Spyridon, 2018. "An empirical analysis on awareness and intention adoption of residential ground source heat pump systems in Greece," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 167-179.
  100. Mottaghy, Darius & Dijkshoorn, Lydia, 2012. "Implementing an effective finite difference formulation for borehole heat exchangers into a heat and mass transport code," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 59-71.
  101. Luo, Jin & Rohn, Joachim & Xiang, Wei & Bayer, Manfred & Priess, Anna & Wilkmann, Lucas & Steger, Hagen & Zorn, Roman, 2015. "Experimental investigation of a borehole field by enhanced geothermal response test and numerical analysis of performance of the borehole heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 473-484.
  102. Aste, Niccolò & Adhikari, R.S. & Manfren, Massimiliano, 2013. "Cost optimal analysis of heat pump technology adoption in residential reference buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 615-624.
  103. Soni, Suresh Kumar & Pandey, Mukesh & Bartaria, Vishvendra Nath, 2016. "Hybrid ground coupled heat exchanger systems for space heating/cooling applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 724-738.
  104. Christopher Vella & Simon Paul Borg & Daniel Micallef, 2020. "The Effect of Shank-Space on the Thermal Performance of Shallow Vertical U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-16, January.
  105. Al-Ameen, Yasameen & Ianakiev, Anton & Evans, Robert, 2017. "Thermal performance of a solar assisted horizontal ground heat exchanger," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(P1), pages 1216-1227.
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