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Ground heat exchangers—A review of systems, models and applications

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  1. Epting, Jannis & Müller, Matthias H. & Genske, Dieter & Huggenberger, Peter, 2018. "Relating groundwater heat-potential to city-scale heat-demand: A theoretical consideration for urban groundwater resource management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 1499-1505.
  2. Adriana Greco & Edison Gundabattini & Darius Gnanaraj Solomon & Raja Singh Rassiah & Claudia Masselli, 2022. "A Review on Geothermal Renewable Energy Systems for Eco-Friendly Air-Conditioning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-17, July.
  3. Faizal, Mohammed & Bouazza, Abdelmalek & Singh, Rao M., 2016. "Heat transfer enhancement of geothermal energy piles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 16-33.
  4. Yang, H. & Cui, P. & Fang, Z., 2010. "Vertical-borehole ground-coupled heat pumps: A review of models and systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 16-27, January.
  5. José Ignacio Villarino & Alberto Villarino & I. de Arteaga & Roberto Quinteros & Alejandro Alañón, 2019. "A Comparative Energy and Economic Analysis between a Low Enthalpy Geothermal Design and Gas, Diesel and Biomass Technologies for a HVAC System Installed in an Office Building," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-16, March.
  6. Florides, G. & Theofanous, E. & Iosif-Stylianou, I. & Tassou, S. & Christodoulides, P. & Zomeni, Z. & Tsiolakis, E. & Kalogirou, S. & Messaritis, V. & Pouloupatis, P. & Panayiotou, G., 2013. "Modeling and assessment of the efficiency of horizontal and vertical ground heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 655-663.
  7. Arghand, Taha & Javed, Saqib & Trüschel, Anders & Dalenbäck, Jan-Olof, 2021. "Cooling of office buildings in cold climates using direct ground-coupled active chilled beams," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 122-132.
  8. Rivera, Jaime A. & Blum, Philipp & Bayer, Peter, 2015. "Ground energy balance for borehole heat exchangers: Vertical fluxes, groundwater and storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 1341-1351.
  9. Yıldız, Ahmet & Ozgener, Onder & Ozgener, Leyla, 2012. "Energetic performance analysis of a solar photovoltaic cell (PV) assisted closed loop earth-to-air heat exchanger for solar greenhouse cooling: An experimental study for low energy architecture in Aeg," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 281-287.
  10. Chong, Chiew Shan Anthony & Gan, Guohui & Verhoef, Anne & Garcia, Raquel Gonzalez & Vidale, Pier Luigi, 2013. "Simulation of thermal performance of horizontal slinky-loop heat exchangers for ground source heat pumps," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 603-610.
  11. Florides, Georgios A. & Christodoulides, Paul & Pouloupatis, Panayiotis, 2013. "Single and double U-tube ground heat exchangers in multiple-layer substrates," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 364-373.
  12. Magdy, Alaaeldin & Ogunleye, Oluwaseun & Mroueh, Hussein & Di Donna, Alice & Singh, Rao Martand, 2025. "A review of exploiting shallow geothermal energy through tunnels: Current status and future prospects," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
  13. Ozgener, Leyla, 2011. "A review on the experimental and analytical analysis of earth to air heat exchanger (EAHE) systems in Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 4483-4490.
  14. Karytsas, Spyridon & Choropanitis, Ioannis, 2017. "Barriers against and actions towards renewable energy technologies diffusion: A Principal Component Analysis for residential ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 252-271.
  15. Casasso, Alessandro & Sethi, Rajandrea, 2017. "Assessment and mapping of the shallow geothermal potential in the province of Cuneo (Piedmont, NW Italy)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(PB), pages 306-315.
  16. Iwona Pokorska-Silva & Marta Kadela & Bożena Orlik-Kożdoń & Lidia Fedorowicz, 2021. "Calculation of Building Heat Losses through Slab-on-Ground Structures Based on Soil Temperature Measured In Situ," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-19, December.
  17. Gao, Qing & Li, Ming & Yu, Ming, 2010. "Experiment and simulation of temperature characteristics of intermittently-controlled ground heat exchanges," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 1169-1174.
  18. Aranzabal, Nordin & Martos, Julio & Steger, Hagen & Blum, Philipp & Soret, Jesús, 2019. "Temperature measurements along a vertical borehole heat exchanger: A method comparison," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1247-1258.
  19. Javadi, Hossein & Mousavi Ajarostaghi, Seyed Soheil & Rosen, Marc A. & Pourfallah, Mohsen, 2019. "Performance of ground heat exchangers: A comprehensive review of recent advances," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 207-233.
  20. Parham Eslami-Nejad & Messaoud Badache & Arash Bastani & Zine Aidoun, 2018. "Detailed Theoretical Characterization of a Transcritical CO 2 Direct Expansion Ground Source Heat Pump Water Heater," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-16, February.
  21. Kappler, Genyr & Dias, João Batista & Haeberle, Fernanda & Wander, Paulo Roberto & Moraes, Carlos Alberto Mendes & Modolo, Regina Célia Espinosa, 2019. "Study of an earth-to-water heat exchange system which relies on underground water tanks," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1236-1246.
  22. Tang, Fujiao & Nowamooz, Hossein, 2020. "Outlet temperatures of a slinky-type Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger with the atmosphere-soil interaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 705-718.
  23. Bordoloi, Namrata & Sharma, Aashish & Nautiyal, Himanshu & Goel, Varun, 2018. "An intense review on the latest advancements of Earth Air Heat Exchangers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 261-280.
  24. Violante, Anna Carmela & Proposito, Marco & Donato, Filippo & Guidi, Giambattista & Falconi, Luca Maria, 2021. "Preliminary study of a closed loop vertical ground source heat pump system for an experimental pilot plant (Rome, Italy)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 415-422.
  25. Carotenuto, Alberto & Ciccolella, Michela & Massarotti, Nicola & Mauro, Alessandro, 2016. "Models for thermo-fluid dynamic phenomena in low enthalpy geothermal energy systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 330-355.
  26. Karytsas, Spyridon, 2018. "An empirical analysis on awareness and intention adoption of residential ground source heat pump systems in Greece," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 167-179.
  27. Mottaghy, Darius & Dijkshoorn, Lydia, 2012. "Implementing an effective finite difference formulation for borehole heat exchangers into a heat and mass transport code," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 59-71.
  28. Nian, Yong-Le & Cheng, Wen-Long, 2018. "Insights into geothermal utilization of abandoned oil and gas wells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 44-60.
  29. Singh, Ramkishore & Sawhney, R.L. & Lazarus, I.J. & Kishore, V.V.N., 2018. "Recent advancements in earth air tunnel heat exchanger (EATHE) system for indoor thermal comfort application: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2162-2185.
  30. Li, Huanhuan & Chen, Diyi & Zhang, Hao & Wu, Changzhi & Wang, Xiangyu, 2017. "Hamiltonian analysis of a hydro-energy generation system in the transient of sudden load increasing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P1), pages 244-253.
  31. Walch, Alina & Mohajeri, Nahid & Gudmundsson, Agust & Scartezzini, Jean-Louis, 2021. "Quantifying the technical geothermal potential from shallow borehole heat exchangers at regional scale," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(P1), pages 369-380.
  32. Rodrigues, Michel Kepes & Vaz, Joaquim & Oliveira Rocha, Luiz Alberto & Domingues dos Santos, Elizaldo & Isoldi, Liércio André, 2022. "A full approach to Earth-Air Heat Exchanger employing computational modeling, performance analysis and geometric evaluation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 535-556.
  33. Baruque, Bruno & Porras, Santiago & Jove, Esteban & Calvo-Rolle, José Luis, 2019. "Geothermal heat exchanger energy prediction based on time series and monitoring sensors optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 49-60.
  34. Marco Belliardi & Nerio Cereghetti & Paola Caputo & Simone Ferrari, 2021. "A Method to Analyze the Performance of Geocooling Systems with Borehole Heat Exchangers. Results in a Monitored Residential Building in Southern Alps," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-18, November.
  35. Tang, F. & Lahoori, M. & Nowamooz, H. & Rosin-Paumier, S. & Masrouri, F., 2021. "A numerical study into effects of soil compaction and heat storage on thermal performance of a Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 740-752.
  36. Benhammou, Mohammed & Draoui, Belkacem, 2015. "Parametric study on thermal performance of earth-to-air heat exchanger used for cooling of buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 348-355.
  37. Jun, Liu & Xu, Zhang & Jun, Gao & Jie, Yang, 2009. "Evaluation of heat exchange rate of GHE in geothermal heat pump systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(12), pages 2898-2904.
  38. Tang, Fujiao & Nowamooz, Hossein, 2018. "Long-term performance of a shallow borehole heat exchanger installed in a geothermal field of Alsace region," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 128(PA), pages 210-222.
  39. Sławomir Rabczak & Paweł Kut, 2020. "Analysis of Yearly Effectiveness of a Diaphragm Ground Heat Exchanger Supported by an Ultraviolet Sterilamp," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-7, June.
  40. Gao, Jiajia & Li, Anbang & Xu, Xinhua & Gang, Wenjie & Yan, Tian, 2018. "Ground heat exchangers: Applications, technology integration and potentials for zero energy buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 128(PA), pages 337-349.
  41. Md. Hasan Ali & Keishi Kariya & Akio Miyara, 2017. "Performance Analysis of Slinky Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers for a Ground Source Heat Pump System," Resources, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-18, October.
  42. Zhai, X.Q. & Qu, M. & Yu, X. & Yang, Y. & Wang, R.Z., 2011. "A review for the applications and integrated approaches of ground-coupled heat pump systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 3133-3140, August.
  43. Kepes Rodrigues, Michel & da Silva Brum, Ruth & Vaz, Joaquim & Oliveira Rocha, Luiz Alberto & Domingues dos Santos, Elizaldo & Isoldi, Liércio André, 2015. "Numerical investigation about the improvement of the thermal potential of an Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) employing the Constructal Design method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 538-551.
  44. Xu, Xinhua & Yu, Jinghua & Wang, Shengwei & Wang, Jinbo, 2014. "Research and application of active hollow core slabs in building systems for utilizing low energy sources," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 424-435.
  45. Yusof, T.M. & Ibrahim, H. & Azmi, W.H. & Rejab, M.R.M., 2018. "The thermal characteristics and performance of a ground heat exchanger for tropical climates," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 528-538.
  46. Quirosa, Gonzalo & Torres, Miguel & Becerra, José A. & Jiménez-Espadafor, Francisco J. & Chacartegui, Ricardo, 2023. "Energy analysis of an ultra-low temperature district heating and cooling system with coaxial borehole heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
  47. Anis Akrouch, Ghassan & Sánchez, Marcelo & Briaud, Jean-Louis, 2020. "Thermal performance and economic study of an energy piles system under cooling dominated conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P2), pages 2736-2747.
  48. Paul Christodoulides & Ana Vieira & Stanislav Lenart & João Maranha & Gregor Vidmar & Rumen Popov & Aleksandar Georgiev & Lazaros Aresti & Georgios Florides, 2020. "Reviewing the Modeling Aspects and Practices of Shallow Geothermal Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-45, August.
  49. Trumpy, Eugenio & Bertani, Ruggero & Manzella, Adele & Sander, Marietta, 2015. "The web-oriented framework of the world geothermal production database: A business intelligence platform for wide data distribution and analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 379-389.
  50. Somogyi, Viola & Sebestyén, Viktor & Nagy, Georgina, 2017. "Scientific achievements and regulation of shallow geothermal systems in six European countries – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 934-952.
  51. Shangyuan Chen & Jinfeng Mao & Xu Han & Chaofeng Li & Liyao Liu, 2016. "Numerical Analysis of the Factors Influencing a Vertical U-Tube Ground Heat Exchanger," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(9), pages 1-12, September.
  52. Sagia, Z. & Rakopoulos, C. & Kakaras, E., 2012. "Cooling dominated Hybrid Ground Source Heat Pump System application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 41-47.
  53. Rodríguez, Rafael & Díaz, María B., 2009. "Analysis of the utilization of mine galleries as geothermal heat exchangers by means a semi-empirical prediction method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(7), pages 1716-1725.
  54. Luo, Jin & Zhao, Haifeng & Jia, Jia & Xiang, Wei & Rohn, Joachim & Blum, Philipp, 2017. "Study on operation management of borehole heat exchangers for a large-scale hybrid ground source heat pump system in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 340-352.
  55. Jun-Seo Jeon & Seung-Rae Lee & Min-Jun Kim & Seok Yoon, 2018. "Suggestion of a Scale Factor to Design Spiral-Coil-Type Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-16, October.
  56. Kunning Yang & Takao Katsura & Shigeyuki Nagasaka & Katsunori Nagano, 2023. "Analyzing the Performance of Double Spiral Tube Ground Heat Exchangers in a Zero-Energy Building Using Measurement Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-25, October.
  57. Cao, Ziming & Zhang, Guozhu & Liu, Yiping & Zhao, Xu & Li, Chenglin, 2022. "Influence of backfilling phase change material on thermal performance of precast high-strength concrete energy pile," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 374-390.
  58. Alcaraz, Mar & García-Gil, Alejandro & Vázquez-Suñé, Enric & Velasco, Violeta, 2016. "Use rights markets for shallow geothermal energy management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 34-46.
  59. Fuchs, Nicolas & Yanez, Guillermo & Nkongdem, Bertrand & Thomsen, Jessica, 2025. "Evaluating low-temperature heat sources for large-scale heat pump integration: A method using open-source data and indicators," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
  60. Luka Boban & Dino Miše & Stjepan Herceg & Vladimir Soldo, 2021. "Application and Design Aspects of Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-31, April.
  61. Bozzoli, F. & Pagliarini, G. & Rainieri, S. & Schiavi, L., 2011. "Estimation of soil and grout thermal properties through a TSPEP (two-step parameter estimation procedure) applied to TRT (thermal response test) data," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 839-846.
  62. Huang, Wenbo & Cao, Wenjiong & Jiang, Fangming, 2018. "A novel single-well geothermal system for hot dry rock geothermal energy exploitation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 630-644.
  63. Li, Wenxin & Li, Xiangdong & Wang, Yong & Du, Ruiqing & Tu, Jiyuan, 2019. "Effect of the heat load distribution on thermal performance predictions of ground heat exchangers in a stratified subsurface," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 340-348.
  64. Ajmeera Kiran & Ch Nagaraju & J Chinna Babu & B Venkatesh & Adarsh Kumar & Surbhi Bhatia Khan & Abdullah Albuali & Shakila Basheer, 2024. "Hybrid optimization algorithm for enhanced performance and security of counter-flow shell and tube heat exchangers," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(3), pages 1-30, March.
  65. Blázquez, Cristina Sáez & Martín, Arturo Farfán & Nieto, Ignacio Martín & García, Pedro Carrasco & Sánchez Pérez, Luis Santiago & González-Aguilera, Diego, 2017. "Analysis and study of different grouting materials in vertical geothermal closed-loop systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PB), pages 1189-1200.
  66. Soni, Suresh Kumar & Pandey, Mukesh & Bartaria, Vishvendra Nath, 2015. "Ground coupled heat exchangers: A review and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 83-92.
  67. Teguh Hady Ariwibowo & Akio Miyara, 2020. "Thermal Characteristics of Slinky-Coil Ground Heat Exchanger with Discrete Double Inclined Ribs," Resources, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-17, August.
  68. Mihalakakou, Giouli & Souliotis, Manolis & Papadaki, Maria & Halkos, George & Paravantis, John & Makridis, Sofoklis & Papaefthimiou, Spiros, 2022. "Applications of earth-to-air heat exchangers: A holistic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
  69. Aste, Niccolò & Adhikari, R.S. & Manfren, Massimiliano, 2013. "Cost optimal analysis of heat pump technology adoption in residential reference buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 615-624.
  70. Christopher Vella & Simon Paul Borg & Daniel Micallef, 2020. "The Effect of Shank-Space on the Thermal Performance of Shallow Vertical U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-16, January.
  71. Makasis, Nikolas & Narsilio, Guillermo A., 2020. "Energy diaphragm wall thermal design: The effects of pipe configuration and spacing," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 476-487.
  72. Zhang, Changxing & Wang, Yusheng & Liu, Yufeng & Kong, Xiangqiang & Wang, Qing, 2018. "Computational methods for ground thermal response of multiple borehole heat exchangers: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 461-473.
  73. Jin, Guang & Li, Zheng & Guo, Shaopeng & Wu, Xuan & Wu, Wenfei & Zhang, Kai, 2020. "Thermal performance analysis of multiple borehole heat exchangers in multilayer geotechnical media," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
  74. Liu, Long & Zhu, Neng & Zhao, Jing, 2016. "Thermal equilibrium research of solar seasonal storage system coupling with ground-source heat pump," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 83-90.
  75. Georgiadis, Konstantinos & Skordas, Dimitrios & Kamas, Ioannis & Comodromos, Emilios, 2020. "Heating and cooling induced stresses and displacements in heat exchanger piles in sand," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P2), pages 2599-2617.
  76. Muñoz, Mauricio & Garat, Pablo & Flores-Aqueveque, Valentina & Vargas, Gabriel & Rebolledo, Sofía & Sepúlveda, Sergio & Daniele, Linda & Morata, Diego & Parada, Miguel Ángel, 2015. "Estimating low-enthalpy geothermal energy potential for district heating in Santiago basin–Chile (33.5 °S)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 186-195.
  77. Luo, Jin & Luo, Zequan & Xie, Jihai & Xia, Dongsheng & Huang, Wei & Shao, Haibin & Xiang, Wei & Rohn, Joachim, 2018. "Investigation of shallow geothermal potentials for different types of ground source heat pump systems (GSHP) of Wuhan city in China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 230-244.
  78. Olabi, Abdul Ghani & Mahmoud, Montaser & Soudan, Bassel & Wilberforce, Tabbi & Ramadan, Mohamad, 2020. "Geothermal based hybrid energy systems, toward eco-friendly energy approaches," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 2003-2012.
  79. Wu, Wei & Wang, Baolong & You, Tian & Shi, Wenxing & Li, Xianting, 2013. "A potential solution for thermal imbalance of ground source heat pump systems in cold regions: Ground source absorption heat pump," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 39-48.
  80. Korhonen, Kimmo & Markó, Ábel & Bischoff, Alan & Szijártó, Márk & Mádl-Szőnyi, Judit, 2023. "Infinite borehole field model—a new approach to estimate the shallow geothermal potential of urban areas applied to central Budapest, Hungary," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 263-274.
  81. Gomat, Landry Jean Pierre & Elombo Motoula, Smaël Magloire & M’Passi-Mabiala, Bernard, 2020. "An analytical method to evaluate the impact of vertical part of an earth-air heat exchanger on the whole system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1005-1016.
  82. Raymond, Jasmin & Langevin, Hubert & Comeau, Félix-Antoine & Malo, Michel, 2022. "Temperature dependence of rock salt thermal conductivity: Implications for geothermal exploration," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 26-35.
  83. Li, Min & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2012. "Heat-source solutions to heat conduction in anisotropic media with application to pile and borehole ground heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 451-458.
  84. Badache, Messaoud & Eslami-Nejad, Parham & Ouzzane, Mohamed & Aidoun, Zine & Lamarche, Louis, 2016. "A new modeling approach for improved ground temperature profile determination," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 436-444.
  85. Koohi-Fayegh, Seama & Rosen, Marc A., 2012. "Examination of thermal interaction of multiple vertical ground heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 962-969.
  86. Villarino, José Ignacio & Villarino, Alberto & Fernández, Francisco Ángel, 2017. "Experimental and modelling analysis of an office building HVAC system based in a ground-coupled heat pump and radiant floor," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 1020-1028.
  87. Lin, Jian & Nowamooz, Hossein & Braymand, Sandrine & Wolff, Patrice & Fond, Christophe, 2020. "Impact of soil moisture on the long-term energy performance of an earth-air heat exchanger system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P2), pages 2676-2687.
  88. Romaní, Joaquim & Pérez, Gabriel & de Gracia, Alvaro, 2017. "Experimental evaluation of a heating radiant wall coupled to a ground source heat pump," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 520-529.
  89. García-Gil, Alejandro & Vázquez-Suñe, Enric & Alcaraz, Maria M. & Juan, Alejandro Serrano & Sánchez-Navarro, José Ángel & Montlleó, Marc & Rodríguez, Gustavo & Lao, José, 2015. "GIS-supported mapping of low-temperature geothermal potential taking groundwater flow into account," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 268-278.
  90. Lee, Joo Seong & Park, Honghee & Kim, Yongchan, 2014. "Transient performance characteristics of a hybrid ground-source heat pump in the cooling mode," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 121-128.
  91. Cristina Sáez Blázquez & Arturo Farfán Martín & Ignacio Martín Nieto & Pedro Carrasco García & Luis Santiago Sánchez Pérez & Diego González-Aguilera, 2017. "Efficiency Analysis of the Main Components of a Vertical Closed-Loop System in a Borehole Heat Exchanger," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-15, February.
  92. Zhang, Linfeng & Huang, Gongsheng & Zhang, Quan & Wang, Jinggang, 2018. "An hourly simulation method for the energy performance of an office building served by a ground-coupled heat pump system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 495-508.
  93. Ciriello, V. & Bottarelli, M. & Di Federico, V. & Tartakovsky, D.M., 2015. "Temperature fields induced by geothermal devices," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P2), pages 1896-1903.
  94. García-Gil, Alejandro & Muela Maya, Sylvia & Garrido Schneider, Eduardo & Mejías Moreno, Miguel & Vázquez-Suñé, Enric & Marazuela, Miguel Ángel & Mateo Lázaro, Jesús & Sánchez-Navarro, José Ángel, 2019. "Sustainability indicator for the prevention of potential thermal interferences between groundwater heat pump systems in urban aquifers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 14-24.
  95. Casasso, Alessandro & Sethi, Rajandrea, 2015. "Modelling thermal recycling occurring in groundwater heat pumps (GWHPs)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 86-93.
  96. Aleksandra Stachera & Adam Stolarski & Mariusz Owczarek & Marek Telejko, 2022. "A Method of Multi-Criteria Assessment of the Building Energy Consumption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-32, December.
  97. Mousavi, Seyedmostafa & Rismanchi, Behzad & Brey, Stefan & Aye, Lu, 2021. "PCM embedded radiant chilled ceiling: A state-of-the-art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
  98. Antonio Novelli & Valentina D’Alonzo & Simon Pezzutto & Rubén Aarón Estrada Poggio & Alessandro Casasso & Pietro Zambelli, 2021. "A Spatially-Explicit Economic and Financial Assessment of Closed-Loop Ground-Source Geothermal Heat Pumps: A Case Study for the Residential Buildings of Valle d’Aosta Region," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-22, November.
  99. Yoon, Seok & Lee, Seung-Rae & Kim, Min-Jun & Kim, Woo-Jin & Kim, Geon-Young & Kim, Kyungsu, 2016. "Evaluation of stainless steel pipe performance as a ground heat exchanger in ground-source heat-pump system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 328-337.
  100. Selamat, Salsuwanda & Miyara, Akio & Kariya, Keishi, 2016. "Numerical study of horizontal ground heat exchangers for design optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 561-573.
  101. Rachana Vidhi, 2018. "A Review of Underground Soil and Night Sky as Passive Heat Sink: Design Configurations and Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-24, October.
  102. Zhang, Changxing & Lu, Xizheng & Liu, Yufeng & Lu, Jiahui & Sun, Shicai, 2023. "Effect of seepage condition in geological stratification on thermal response test analysis of borehole heat exchanger," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 813-822.
  103. Al-Ameen, Yasameen & Ianakiev, Anton & Evans, Robert, 2018. "Recycling construction and industrial landfill waste material for backfill in horizontal ground heat exchanger systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 556-568.
  104. Soni, Suresh Kumar & Pandey, Mukesh & Bartaria, Vishvendra Nath, 2016. "Hybrid ground coupled heat exchanger systems for space heating/cooling applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 724-738.
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