IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v178y2019icp207-233.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Performance of ground heat exchangers: A comprehensive review of recent advances

Author

Listed:
  • Javadi, Hossein
  • Mousavi Ajarostaghi, Seyed Soheil
  • Rosen, Marc A.
  • Pourfallah, Mohsen

Abstract

The importance of investigating and addressing climate change, through the use of renewable energy, is substantially increasing. Shallow geothermal energy is usually a sustainable and affordable renewable energy source which can be exploited through ground-source heat pump systems. The ground heat exchanger is not only the most important component of the system but also plays a significant role in achieving a high coefficient of performance. In this article, a comprehensive review is carried out of recent advances in the field of ground heat exchangers, including assessments of the effects of system geometric configuration, pipe material, working fluid, and depth of ground heat exchanger on heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, outlet temperature, thermal resistance, and pressure drop. Due to the significance of the ground heat exchanger geometric configuration on system performance, it has recently been extensively investigated. However, there are few comprehensive reviews of these studies and the present article tries to meet this need.

Suggested Citation

  • Javadi, Hossein & Mousavi Ajarostaghi, Seyed Soheil & Rosen, Marc A. & Pourfallah, Mohsen, 2019. "Performance of ground heat exchangers: A comprehensive review of recent advances," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 207-233.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:178:y:2019:i:c:p:207-233
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.094
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544219307273
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.094?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Pavel Neuberger & Radomír Adamovský & Michaela Šeďová, 2014. "Temperatures and Heat Flows in a Soil Enclosing a Slinky Horizontal Heat Exchanger," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(2), pages 1-16, February.
    2. Song, Xianzhi & Shi, Yu & Li, Gensheng & Yang, Ruiyue & Xu, Zhengming & Zheng, Rui & Wang, Gaosheng & Lyu, Zehao, 2017. "Heat extraction performance simulation for various configurations of a downhole heat exchanger geothermal system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1489-1503.
    3. Chang, Keun Sun & Kim, Min Jun, 2016. "Thermal performance evaluation of vertical U-loop ground heat exchanger using in-situ thermal response test," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(P1), pages 585-591.
    4. Kim, Seong-Kyun & Bae, Gwang-Ok & Lee, Kang-Kun & Song, Yoonho, 2010. "Field-scale evaluation of the design of borehole heat exchangers for the use of shallow geothermal energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 491-500.
    5. Mustafa Omer, Abdeen, 2008. "Ground-source heat pumps systems and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(2), pages 344-371, February.
    6. Michopoulos, A. & Kyriakis, N., 2010. "The influence of a vertical ground heat exchanger length on the electricity consumption of the heat pumps," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 1403-1407.
    7. Choi, Jung Chan & Park, Joonsang & Lee, Seung Rae, 2013. "Numerical evaluation of the effects of groundwater flow on borehole heat exchanger arrays," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 230-240.
    8. Li, Min & Li, Ping & Chan, Vincent & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2014. "Full-scale temperature response function (G-function) for heat transfer by borehole ground heat exchangers (GHEs) from sub-hour to decades," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 197-205.
    9. Ma, WeiWu & Li, Min & Li, Ping & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2015. "New quasi-3D model for heat transfer in U-shaped GHEs (ground heat exchangers): Effective overall thermal resistance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P1), pages 578-587.
    10. Bakirci, Kadir & Ozyurt, Omer & Comakli, Kemal & Comakli, Omer, 2011. "Energy analysis of a solar-ground source heat pump system with vertical closed-loop for heating applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 3224-3232.
    11. Self, Stuart J. & Reddy, Bale V. & Rosen, Marc A., 2013. "Geothermal heat pump systems: Status review and comparison with other heating options," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 341-348.
    12. Soni, Suresh Kumar & Pandey, Mukesh & Bartaria, Vishvendra Nath, 2015. "Ground coupled heat exchangers: A review and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 83-92.
    13. Zhang, Linfeng & Zhang, Quan & Huang, Gongsheng, 2016. "A transient quasi-3D entire time scale line source model for the fluid and ground temperature prediction of vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs)," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 65-75.
    14. Faizal, Mohammed & Bouazza, Abdelmalek & Singh, Rao M., 2016. "Heat transfer enhancement of geothermal energy piles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 16-33.
    15. Casasso, Alessandro & Sethi, Rajandrea, 2014. "Efficiency of closed loop geothermal heat pumps: A sensitivity analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 737-746.
    16. Tarnawski, V.R. & Leong, W.H. & Momose, T. & Hamada, Y., 2009. "Analysis of ground source heat pumps with horizontal ground heat exchangers for northern Japan," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 127-134.
    17. Fan, Rui & Jiang, Yiqiang & Yao, Yang & Ma, Zuiliang, 2008. "Theoretical study on the performance of an integrated ground-source heat pump system in a whole year," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(11), pages 1671-1679.
    18. de Moel, Monique & Bach, Peter M. & Bouazza, Abdelmalek & Singh, Rao M. & Sun, JingLiang O., 2010. "Technological advances and applications of geothermal energy pile foundations and their feasibility in Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(9), pages 2683-2696, December.
    19. Yang, H. & Cui, P. & Fang, Z., 2010. "Vertical-borehole ground-coupled heat pumps: A review of models and systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 16-27, January.
    20. Fadejev, Jevgeni & Simson, Raimo & Kurnitski, Jarek & Haghighat, Fariborz, 2017. "A review on energy piles design, sizing and modelling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 390-407.
    21. Kim, Eui-Jong & Bernier, Michel & Cauret, Odile & Roux, Jean-Jacques, 2014. "A hybrid reduced model for borehole heat exchangers over different time-scales and regions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 318-326.
    22. Florides, Georgios & Kalogirou, Soteris, 2007. "Ground heat exchangers—A review of systems, models and applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(15), pages 2461-2478.
    23. Bakirci, Kadir, 2010. "Evaluation of the performance of a ground-source heat-pump system with series GHE (ground heat exchanger) in the cold climate region," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 3088-3096.
    24. Tomasz Sliwa & Marc A. Rosen, 2015. "Natural and Artificial Methods for Regeneration of Heat Resources for Borehole Heat Exchangers to Enhance the Sustainability of Underground Thermal Storages: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 7(10), pages 1-22, September.
    25. Dehghan B., Babak & Kukrer, Ergin, 2017. "A new 1D analytical model for investigating the long term heat transfer rate of a borehole ground heat exchanger by Green's function method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 615-621.
    26. Hu, Jinzhong, 2017. "An improved analytical model for vertical borehole ground heat exchanger with multiple-layer substrates and groundwater flow," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 537-549.
    27. Florides, G. & Theofanous, E. & Iosif-Stylianou, I. & Tassou, S. & Christodoulides, P. & Zomeni, Z. & Tsiolakis, E. & Kalogirou, S. & Messaritis, V. & Pouloupatis, P. & Panayiotou, G., 2013. "Modeling and assessment of the efficiency of horizontal and vertical ground heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 655-663.
    28. Zanchini, E. & Lazzari, S. & Priarone, A., 2010. "Effects of flow direction and thermal short-circuiting on the performance of small coaxial ground heat exchangers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 1255-1265.
    29. Kim, Daehoon & Kim, Gyoungman & Kim, Donghui & Baek, Hwanjo, 2017. "Experimental and numerical investigation of thermal properties of cement-based grouts used for vertical ground heat exchanger," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 260-267.
    30. Selamat, Salsuwanda & Miyara, Akio & Kariya, Keishi, 2016. "Numerical study of horizontal ground heat exchangers for design optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 561-573.
    31. Park, Hyunku & Lee, Seung-Rae & Yoon, Seok & Choi, Jung-Chan, 2013. "Evaluation of thermal response and performance of PHC energy pile: Field experiments and numerical simulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 12-24.
    32. Retkowski, Waldemar & Thöming, Jorg, 2014. "Thermoeconomic optimization of vertical ground-source heat pump systems through nonlinear integer programming," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 492-503.
    33. Luo, Jin & Rohn, Joachim & Bayer, Manfred & Priess, Anna & Xiang, Wei, 2014. "Analysis on performance of borehole heat exchanger in a layered subsurface," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 55-65.
    34. Sivasakthivel, T. & Philippe, Mikael & Murugesan, K. & Verma, Vikas & Hu, Pingfang, 2017. "Experimental thermal performance analysis of ground heat exchangers for space heating and cooling applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1168-1181.
    35. Esen, Hikmet & Inalli, Mustafa & Sengur, Abdulkadir & Esen, Mehmet, 2008. "Modeling a ground-coupled heat pump system by a support vector machine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(8), pages 1814-1823.
    36. Cristina Sáez Blázquez & Arturo Farfán Martín & Ignacio Martín Nieto & Pedro Carrasco García & Luis Santiago Sánchez Pérez & Diego González-Aguilera, 2017. "Efficiency Analysis of the Main Components of a Vertical Closed-Loop System in a Borehole Heat Exchanger," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-15, February.
    37. Rivera, Jaime A. & Blum, Philipp & Bayer, Peter, 2015. "Ground energy balance for borehole heat exchangers: Vertical fluxes, groundwater and storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 1341-1351.
    38. Zarrella, Angelo & Capozza, Antonio & De Carli, Michele, 2013. "Analysis of short helical and double U-tube borehole heat exchangers: A simulation-based comparison," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 358-370.
    39. Choi, Wonjun & Ooka, Ryozo, 2016. "Effect of natural convection on thermal response test conducted in saturated porous formation: Comparison of gravel-backfilled and cement-grouted borehole heat exchangers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 891-903.
    40. Naili, Nabiha & Hazami, Majdi & Attar, Issam & Farhat, Abdelhamid, 2013. "In-field performance analysis of ground source cooling system with horizontal ground heat exchanger in Tunisia," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 319-331.
    41. Zhang, Changxing & Guo, Zhanjun & Liu, Yufeng & Cong, Xiaochun & Peng, Donggen, 2014. "A review on thermal response test of ground-coupled heat pump systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 851-867.
    42. Sivasakthivel, T. & Murugesan, K. & Sahoo, P.K., 2014. "Optimization of ground heat exchanger parameters of ground source heat pump system for space heating applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 573-586.
    43. Koohi-Fayegh, Seama & Rosen, Marc A., 2012. "Examination of thermal interaction of multiple vertical ground heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 962-969.
    44. Chen, Jinhua & Xia, Lei & Li, Baizhan & Mmereki, Daniel, 2015. "Simulation and experimental analysis of optimal buried depth of the vertical U-tube ground heat exchanger for a ground-coupled heat pump system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 46-54.
    45. Cui, Ping & Li, Xin & Man, Yi & Fang, Zhaohong, 2011. "Heat transfer analysis of pile geothermal heat exchangers with spiral coils," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(11), pages 4113-4119.
    46. Gang, Wenjie & Wang, Jinbo, 2013. "Predictive ANN models of ground heat exchanger for the control of hybrid ground source heat pump systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1146-1153.
    47. Spitler, Jeffrey D. & Javed, Saqib & Ramstad, Randi Kalskin, 2016. "Natural convection in groundwater-filled boreholes used as ground heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 352-365.
    48. Eslami-nejad, Parham & Bernier, Michel, 2012. "Freezing of geothermal borehole surroundings: A numerical and experimental assessment with applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 333-345.
    49. Wang, Deqi & Lu, Lin & Zhang, Wenke & Cui, Ping, 2015. "Numerical and analytical analysis of groundwater influence on the pile geothermal heat exchanger with cast-in spiral coils," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 705-714.
    50. Al-Khoury, Rafid & Focaccia, Sara, 2016. "A spectral model for transient heat flow in a double U-tube geothermal heat pump system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 195-205.
    51. Yoon, Seok & Lee, Seung-Rae & Go, Gyu-Hyun, 2014. "A numerical and experimental approach to the estimation of borehole thermal resistance in ground heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 547-555.
    52. Seama Koohi-Fayegh & Marc A. Rosen, 2012. "On Thermally Interacting Multiple Boreholes with Variable Heating Strength: Comparison between Analytical and Numerical Approaches," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 4(8), pages 1-19, August.
    53. Li, Min & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2015. "Review of analytical models for heat transfer by vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs): A perspective of time and space scales," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 178-191.
    54. Pahud, D. & Belliardi, M. & Caputo, P., 2012. "Geocooling potential of borehole heat exchangers' systems applied to low energy office buildings," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 197-204.
    55. Dai, L.H. & Shang, Y. & Li, X.L. & Li, S.F., 2016. "Analysis on the transient heat transfer process inside and outside the borehole for a vertical U-tube ground heat exchanger under short-term heat storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(P3), pages 1121-1129.
    56. Zanchini, E. & Lazzari, S. & Priarone, A., 2010. "Improving the thermal performance of coaxial borehole heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 657-666.
    57. Eslami-Nejad, Parham & Ouzzane, Mohamed & Aidoun, Zine, 2014. "Modeling of a two-phase CO2-filled vertical borehole for geothermal heat pump applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 611-620.
    58. Bayer, Peter & de Paly, Michael & Beck, Markus, 2014. "Strategic optimization of borehole heat exchanger field for seasonal geothermal heating and cooling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 445-453.
    59. Jalaluddin, & Miyara, Akio & Tsubaki, Koutaro & Inoue, Shuntaro & Yoshida, Kentaro, 2011. "Experimental study of several types of ground heat exchanger using a steel pile foundation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 764-771.
    60. Beck, Markus & Bayer, Peter & de Paly, Michael & Hecht-Méndez, Jozsef & Zell, Andreas, 2013. "Geometric arrangement and operation mode adjustment in low-enthalpy geothermal borehole fields for heating," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 434-443.
    61. Montagud, Carla & Corberán, José Miguel & Ruiz-Calvo, Félix, 2013. "Experimental and modeling analysis of a ground source heat pump system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 328-336.
    62. Mottaghy, Darius & Dijkshoorn, Lydia, 2012. "Implementing an effective finite difference formulation for borehole heat exchangers into a heat and mass transport code," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 59-71.
    63. Florides, Georgios A. & Christodoulides, Paul & Pouloupatis, Panayiotis, 2012. "An analysis of heat flow through a borehole heat exchanger validated model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 523-533.
    64. Zanchini, Enzo & Lazzari, Stefano & Priarone, Antonella, 2012. "Long-term performance of large borehole heat exchanger fields with unbalanced seasonal loads and groundwater flow," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 66-77.
    65. Seama Koohi-Fayegh & Marc A. Rosen, 2013. "A Review of the Modelling of Thermally Interacting Multiple Boreholes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 5(6), pages 1-18, June.
    66. Luo, Jin & Rohn, Joachim & Xiang, Wei & Bayer, Manfred & Priess, Anna & Wilkmann, Lucas & Steger, Hagen & Zorn, Roman, 2015. "Experimental investigation of a borehole field by enhanced geothermal response test and numerical analysis of performance of the borehole heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 473-484.
    67. Hossein Javadi & Seyed Soheil Mousavi Ajarostaghi & Marc A. Rosen & Mohsen Pourfallah, 2018. "A Comprehensive Review of Backfill Materials and Their Effects on Ground Heat Exchanger Performance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-22, November.
    68. Somogyi, Viola & Sebestyén, Viktor & Nagy, Georgina, 2017. "Scientific achievements and regulation of shallow geothermal systems in six European countries – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 934-952.
    69. Alavy, Masih & Nguyen, Hiep V. & Leong, Wey H. & Dworkin, Seth B., 2013. "A methodology and computerized approach for optimizing hybrid ground source heat pump system design," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 404-412.
    70. Beier, Richard A., 2011. "Vertical temperature profile in ground heat exchanger during in-situ test," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 1578-1587.
    71. Zarrella, Angelo & De Carli, Michele, 2013. "Heat transfer analysis of short helical borehole heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 1477-1491.
    72. Soni, Suresh Kumar & Pandey, Mukesh & Bartaria, Vishvendra Nath, 2016. "Hybrid ground coupled heat exchanger systems for space heating/cooling applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 724-738.
    73. Badescu, Viorel, 2007. "Economic aspects of using ground thermal energy for passive house heating," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(6), pages 895-903.
    74. Fan, Rui & Jiang, Yiqiang & Yao, Yang & Shiming, Deng & Ma, Zuiliang, 2007. "A study on the performance of a geothermal heat exchanger under coupled heat conduction and groundwater advection," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(11), pages 2199-2209.
    75. Bakirci, Kadir & Colak, Derya, 2012. "Effect of a superheating and sub-cooling heat exchanger to the performance of a ground source heat pump system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 996-1004.
    76. Lyu, Zehao & Song, Xianzhi & Li, Gensheng & Hu, Xiaodong & Shi, Yu & Xu, Zhipeng, 2017. "Numerical analysis of characteristics of a single U-tube downhole heat exchanger in the borehole for geothermal wells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 186-196.
    77. De Carli, Michele & Tonon, Massimo & Zarrella, Angelo & Zecchin, Roberto, 2010. "A computational capacity resistance model (CaRM) for vertical ground-coupled heat exchangers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 1537-1550.
    78. Maestre, Ismael Rodríguez & Gallero, Francisco Javier González & Gómez, Pascual Álvarez & Pérez-Lombard, Luis, 2015. "A new RC and g-function hybrid model to simulate vertical ground heat exchangers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 631-642.
    79. Lucia, Umberto & Simonetti, Marco & Chiesa, Giacomo & Grisolia, Giulia, 2017. "Ground-source pump system for heating and cooling: Review and thermodynamic approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 867-874.
    80. Wu, Wei & Wang, Baolong & You, Tian & Shi, Wenxing & Li, Xianting, 2013. "A potential solution for thermal imbalance of ground source heat pump systems in cold regions: Ground source absorption heat pump," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 39-48.
    81. Florides, Georgios A. & Christodoulides, Paul & Pouloupatis, Panayiotis, 2013. "Single and double U-tube ground heat exchangers in multiple-layer substrates," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 364-373.
    82. Aydın, Murat & Sisman, Altug, 2015. "Experimental and computational investigation of multi U-tube boreholes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 163-171.
    83. Rivera, Jaime A. & Blum, Philipp & Bayer, Peter, 2015. "Analytical simulation of groundwater flow and land surface effects on thermal plumes of borehole heat exchangers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 421-433.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Somogyi, Viola & Sebestyén, Viktor & Nagy, Georgina, 2017. "Scientific achievements and regulation of shallow geothermal systems in six European countries – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 934-952.
    2. Carotenuto, Alberto & Ciccolella, Michela & Massarotti, Nicola & Mauro, Alessandro, 2016. "Models for thermo-fluid dynamic phenomena in low enthalpy geothermal energy systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 330-355.
    3. Cui, Yuanlong & Zhu, Jie & Twaha, Ssennoga & Riffat, Saffa, 2018. "A comprehensive review on 2D and 3D models of vertical ground heat exchangers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 84-114.
    4. Zhao, Zilong & Lin, Yu-Feng & Stumpf, Andrew & Wang, Xinlei, 2022. "Assessing impacts of groundwater on geothermal heat exchangers: A review of methodology and modeling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 121-147.
    5. Nian, Yong-Le & Cheng, Wen-Long, 2018. "Insights into geothermal utilization of abandoned oil and gas wells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 44-60.
    6. Li, Min & Lai, Alvin C.K., 2015. "Review of analytical models for heat transfer by vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs): A perspective of time and space scales," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 178-191.
    7. Hu, Jinzhong, 2017. "An improved analytical model for vertical borehole ground heat exchanger with multiple-layer substrates and groundwater flow," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 537-549.
    8. Ma, Zhenjun & Xia, Lei & Gong, Xuemei & Kokogiannakis, Georgios & Wang, Shugang & Zhou, Xinlei, 2020. "Recent advances and development in optimal design and control of ground source heat pump systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    9. Bayer, Peter & de Paly, Michael & Beck, Markus, 2014. "Strategic optimization of borehole heat exchanger field for seasonal geothermal heating and cooling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 445-453.
    10. Pandey, Navdeep & Murugesan, K. & Thomas, H.R., 2017. "Optimization of ground heat exchangers for space heating and cooling applications using Taguchi method and utility concept," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 421-438.
    11. Shibin Geng & Yong Li & Xu Han & Huiliang Lian & Hua Zhang, 2016. "Evaluation of Thermal Anomalies in Multi-Boreholes Field Considering the Effects of Groundwater Flow," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(6), pages 1-19, June.
    12. Zhang, Donghai & Gao, Penghui & Zhou, Yang & Wang, Yijiang & Zhou, Guoqing, 2020. "An experimental and numerical investigation on temperature profile of underground soil in the process of heat storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 1-21.
    13. Rivera, Jaime A. & Blum, Philipp & Bayer, Peter, 2015. "Ground energy balance for borehole heat exchangers: Vertical fluxes, groundwater and storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 1341-1351.
    14. Zhang, Xueping & Han, Zongwei & Ji, Qiang & Zhang, Hongzhi & Li, Xiuming, 2021. "Thermal response tests for the identification of soil thermal parameters: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 1123-1135.
    15. Hou, Gaoyang & Taherian, Hessam & Song, Ying & Jiang, Wei & Chen, Diyi, 2022. "A systematic review on optimal analysis of horizontal heat exchangers in ground source heat pump systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    16. Paul Christodoulides & Ana Vieira & Stanislav Lenart & João Maranha & Gregor Vidmar & Rumen Popov & Aleksandar Georgiev & Lazaros Aresti & Georgios Florides, 2020. "Reviewing the Modeling Aspects and Practices of Shallow Geothermal Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-45, August.
    17. Jinli Xie & Yinghong Qin, 2021. "Heat Transfer and Bearing Characteristics of Energy Piles: Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-15, October.
    18. Rivera, Jaime A. & Blum, Philipp & Bayer, Peter, 2016. "A finite line source model with Cauchy-type top boundary conditions for simulating near surface effects on borehole heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 50-63.
    19. Guo, Y. & Huang, G. & Liu, W.V., 2023. "A new semi-analytical solution addressing varying heat transfer rates for U-shaped vertical borehole heat exchangers in multilayered ground," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    20. Nguyen, Hiep V. & Law, Ying Lam E. & Alavy, Masih & Walsh, Philip R. & Leong, Wey H. & Dworkin, Seth B., 2014. "An analysis of the factors affecting hybrid ground-source heat pump installation potential in North America," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 28-38.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:178:y:2019:i:c:p:207-233. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.