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A review of geothermal energy resources, development, and applications in China: Current status and prospects

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  1. Wang, Enhua & Yu, Zhibin & Collings, Peter, 2017. "Dynamic control strategy of a distillation system for a composition-adjustable organic Rankine cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 1038-1051.
  2. Liu, Guihong & Zhao, Zhihong & Xu, Haoran & Zhang, Jinping & Kong, Xiangjun & Yuan, Lijuan, 2022. "A robust assessment method of recoverable geothermal energy considering optimal development parameters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 426-440.
  3. Cheng, Qiaoyun & Zhou, Sandong & Elsworth, Derek & Cui, Guanglei & Jing, Yu & Yan, Detian, 2025. "Key role of CO2 thermophysical properties and phase behavior in coal: Optimizing CH4 recovery and CO2 geosequestration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
  4. Joseph Oyekale & Mario Petrollese & Vittorio Tola & Giorgio Cau, 2020. "Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources on Effectiveness of Grid-Integrated Systems: Succinct Review of Current Challenges and Potential Solution Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-48, September.
  5. Huang, Shuai & Lin, Duotong & Dong, Jiankai & Li, Ji, 2025. "Effects of building load characteristics on heating performance of the medium-deep U-type borehole heat exchanger coupled heat pumps: A coupled dynamic simulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PA).
  6. Huang, Shuai & Li, Jiqin & Gao, Hu & Dong, Jiankai & Jiang, Yiqiang, 2024. "Thermal performance of medium-deep U-type borehole heat exchanger based on a novel numerical model considering groundwater seepage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
  7. Yang, Tianle & Li, Fangmin & Du, Min & Huang, Miao & Li, Yinuo, 2023. "Impacts of alternative energy production innovation on reducing CO2 emissions: Evidence from China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
  8. Pan, Shu-Yuan & Gao, Mengyao & Shah, Kinjal J. & Zheng, Jianming & Pei, Si-Lu & Chiang, Pen-Chi, 2019. "Establishment of enhanced geothermal energy utilization plans: Barriers and strategies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 19-32.
  9. Fuquan Zhao & Fanlong Bai & Xinglong Liu & Zongwei Liu, 2022. "A Review on Renewable Energy Transition under China’s Carbon Neutrality Target," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-27, November.
  10. Li, Tailu & Zhang, Yao & Li, Xuelong & Yuan, Ye, 2024. "Techno-economic comparison of organic fluid between single- and dual-flash for geothermal power generation enhancement," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
  11. Soltani, M. & Moradi Kashkooli, Farshad & Souri, Mohammad & Rafiei, Behnam & Jabarifar, Mohammad & Gharali, Kobra & Nathwani, Jatin S., 2021. "Environmental, economic, and social impacts of geothermal energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
  12. Wang, Yongzhen & Li, Chengjun & Zhao, Jun & Wu, Boyuan & Du, Yanping & Zhang, Jing & Zhu, Yilin, 2021. "The above-ground strategies to approach the goal of geothermal power generation in China: State of art and future researches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
  13. Ijaz Ahmed & Haifei Liu & Rujun Chen & Jawad Ahmad & Shahid Ali Shah & Shah Fahad & Osama Abdul Rahim & Farid Ullah & Li Rui, 2024. "Geothermal Resource Exploration in Reshi Town by Integrated Geophysical Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-20, February.
  14. Ma, Yuanyuan & Li, Shibin & Zhang, Ligang & Liu, Songze & Liu, Zhaoyi & Li, Hao & Shi, Erxiu & Liu, Xuemei & Liu, Hongliang, 2020. "Analysis on the heat extraction performance of multi-well injection enhanced geothermal system based on leaf-like bifurcated fracture networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
  15. Karl-Kiên Cao & Kai von Krbek & Manuel Wetzel & Felix Cebulla & Sebastian Schreck, 2019. "Classification and Evaluation of Concepts for Improving the Performance of Applied Energy System Optimization Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-51, December.
  16. Li, Jiawei & Sun, Zhixue & Zhang, Yin & Jiang, Chuanyin & Cherubini, Claudia & Scheuermann, Alexander & Torres, Sergio Andres Galindo & Li, Ling, 2019. "Investigations of heat extraction for water and CO2 flow based on the rough-walled discrete fracture network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
  17. Hongmei Yin & Likai Hu & Yang Li & Yulie Gong & Yanping Du & Chaofan Song & Jun Zhao, 2021. "Application of ORC in a Distributed Integrated Energy System Driven by Deep and Shallow Geothermal Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-15, September.
  18. Luo, Shihua & Hu, Weihao & Liu, Wen & Zhang, Zhenyuan & Bai, Chunguang & Huang, Qi & Chen, Zhe, 2022. "Study on the decarbonization in China's power sector under the background of carbon neutrality by 2060," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
  19. Wang, Lv & Ge, Zhong & Xu, Jian & Xie, Jianbin & Xie, Zhiyong, 2023. "Thermo-economic evaluations of novel dual-heater regenerative organic flash cycle (DROFC)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
  20. Wang, Zengli & Shao, Hua & Shao, Mingcheng & Dai, Zeyu & Zhang, Rao, 2024. "Thermodynamic analysis of a coupled system based on total flow cycle and partially evaporated organic Rankine cycle for hot dry rock utilization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
  21. Al-Nimr, Moh'd A. & Dawahdeh, Ahmad I. & Ali, Hussain A., 2022. "Power generation by integrating a thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle (TREC) with a solar pond and underground heat exchanger," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 663-675.
  22. Honglei Shi & Guiling Wang & Wei Zhang & Feng Ma & Wenjing Lin & Menglei Ji, 2023. "Predicting the Potential of China’s Geothermal Energy in Industrial Development and Carbon Emission Reduction," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-16, May.
  23. Song, Xianzhi & Wang, Gaosheng & Shi, Yu & Li, Ruixia & Xu, Zhengming & Zheng, Rui & Wang, Yu & Li, Jiacheng, 2018. "Numerical analysis of heat extraction performance of a deep coaxial borehole heat exchanger geothermal system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 1298-1310.
  24. Lu, Shyi-Min, 2018. "A global review of enhanced geothermal system (EGS)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2902-2921.
  25. Tailu Li & Xuelong Li & Haiyang Gao & Xiang Gao & Nan Meng, 2022. "Thermodynamic Performance of Geothermal Energy Cascade Utilization for Combined Heating and Power Based on Organic Rankine Cycle and Vapor Compression Cycle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-24, October.
  26. Linyou Zhang & Shengtao Li & Wenhao Xu & Junpeng Guan & Jian Song & Yahui Yao & Zhaoxuan Niu & Li Yang, 2024. "Discussion on Deep Geothermal Characteristics and Exploration Prospects in the Northern Jiangsu Basin," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-13, June.
  27. Ji, Jiayan & Song, Xianzhi & Yi, Junlin & Song, Guofeng & Wang, Gaosheng, 2024. "Effects of pore water-rock reaction on heat extraction from the karst geothermal reservoirs: Based on the dual media model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
  28. Zhang, Chao & Jiang, Guangzheng & Jia, Xiaofeng & Li, Shengtao & Zhang, Shengsheng & Hu, Di & Hu, Shengbiao & Wang, Yibo, 2019. "Parametric study of the production performance of an enhanced geothermal system: A case study at the Qiabuqia geothermal area, northeast Tibetan plateau," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 959-978.
  29. Ji, Jiayan & Zhao, Jialin & Yi, Junlin & Song, Xianzhi & Wang, Gaosheng, 2025. "Optimization of hot dry rock heat extraction performance considering the interaction of multi-mineral component water-rock reactions and fracture roughness," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
  30. Wenting Ma & Moon Keun Kim & Jianli Hao, 2019. "Numerical Simulation Modeling of a GSHP and WSHP System for an Office Building in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region of China: A Case Study in Suzhou," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-17, June.
  31. Mehrenjani, Javad Rezazadeh & Shirzad, Amirali & Adouli, Arman & Gharehghani, Ayat, 2024. "Data-driven optimization of two novel geothermal-powered systems integrating LNG regasification with thermoelectric generation for eco-friendly seawater desalination and data center cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
  32. Sun, Fangtian & Hao, Baoru & Fu, Lin & Wu, Hongwei & Xie, Yonghua & Wu, Haifeng, 2021. "New medium-low temperature hydrothermal geothermal district heating system based on distributed electric compression heat pumps and a centralized absorption heat transformer," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
  33. Milanović Pešić, Ana & Brankov, Jovana & Denda, Stefan & Bjeljac, Željko & Micić, Jasna, 2022. "Geothermal energy in Serbia – Current state, utilization and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
  34. Zhongxu Lu & Yang Yang & Yajun Mo & Haizhi Liao & Youlian Cai, 2025. "Investigation and Evaluation of Geothermal Resources in Northern Shanxi Province, China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-16, March.
  35. Zhou, Luming & Zhu, Zhende & Xie, Xinghua & Hu, Yunjin, 2022. "Coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical model for an enhanced geothermal system and numerical analysis of its heat mining performance," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 1440-1458.
  36. Wang, Yijiang & Jiang, Jinyi & Darkwa, Jo & Xu, Zeyuan & Zheng, Xiaofeng & Zhou, Guoqing, 2020. "Experimental study of thermal fracturing of Hot Dry Rock irradiated by moving laser beam: Temperature, efficiency and porosity," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 803-816.
  37. Wang, Zengli & Zhou, Hongyang & Hao, Muming & Wang, Jun & Geng, Maofei, 2022. "Thermodynamic analysis and comparative investigation of a novel total flow and Kalina cycle coupled system for fluctuating geothermal energy utilization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
  38. Wanli Wang & Guiling Wang & Feng Liu & Chunlei Liu, 2022. "Characterization of Ground Thermal Conditions for Shallow Geothermal Exploitation in the Central North China Plain (NCP) Area," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-16, October.
  39. Ji, Jiayan & Song, Xianzhi & Song, Guofeng & Xu, Fuqiang & Shi, Yu & Lv, Zehao & Li, Shuang & Yi, Junlin, 2023. "Study on fracture evolution model of the enhanced geothermal system under thermal-hydraulic-chemical-deformation coupling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
  40. Qiao, Mingzheng & Jing, Zefeng & Feng, Chenchen & Li, Minghui & Chen, Cheng & Zou, Xupeng & Zhou, Yujuan, 2024. "Review on heat extraction systems of hot dry rock: Classifications, benefits, limitations, research status and future prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
  41. Ma, Yuanyuan & Li, Shibin & Zhang, Ligang & Liu, Songze & Liu, Zhaoyi & Li, Hao & Shi, Erxiu, 2020. "Study on the effect of well layout schemes and fracture parameters on the heat extraction performance of enhanced geothermal system in fractured reservoir," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
  42. Hu, Zixu & Xu, Tianfu & Feng, Bo & Yuan, Yilong & Li, Fengyu & Feng, Guanhong & Jiang, Zhenjiao, 2020. "Thermal and fluid processes in a closed-loop geothermal system using CO2 as a working fluid," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 351-367.
  43. Ramadan, Mohamad & Murr, Rabih & Khaled, Mahmoud & Olabi, Abdul Ghani, 2018. "Mixed numerical - Experimental approach to enhance the heat pump performance by drain water heat recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 1010-1021.
  44. Omidi Kashani, Behzad & Khoshbakhti Saray, Rahim & Kheiri, Reza, 2025. "Comparative analysis of a CCHP system based on municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification using micro gas turbine and internal combustion engine: Energy, exergy, economic, and environmental (4E) perspectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
  45. Yong Jiang & Yalin Lei & Li Li & Jianping Ge, 2016. "Mechanism of Fiscal and Taxation Policies in the Geothermal Industry in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-20, September.
  46. Liu, Zeyu & Qi, Ning & Jiang, Ping & Li, Aihua & Li, Xiaqing, 2025. "Developments of acid fracturing technology for enhanced geothermal systems: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 388(C).
  47. Ryu, Jun & Bahadur, Jitendra & Hayase, Shuzi & Jeong, Sang Mun & Kang, Dong-Won, 2023. "Efficient and stable energy conversion using 2D/3D mixed Sn-perovskite photovoltaics with antisolvent engineering," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PB).
  48. Dominika Matuszewska & Marta Kuta & Piotr Olczak, 2020. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Mobilized Thermal Energy Storage System Using Geothermal Source in Polish Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, July.
  49. Anand, R.S. & Li, Ang & Huang, Wenbo & Chen, Juanwen & Li, Zhibin & Ma, Qingshan & Jiang, Fangming, 2024. "Super-long gravity heat pipe for geothermal energy exploitation - A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
  50. Zeng, Yuchao & Ding, Lixing & Wu, Nengyou & Kong, Fanling & Ochilov, Elbek & Zhai, Haizhen, 2024. "Numerical simulation of electricity generation potential through five vertical wells at Fengshun geothermal field in China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
  51. Li, Jianwei & Bao, Lingling & Niu, Guoqing & Miao, Zhuang & Guo, Xiaokai & Wang, Weilian, 2024. "Research on renewable energy coupling system based on medium-deep ground temperature attenuation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PB).
  52. Luo, Jin & Zhang, Qi & Liang, Changming & Wang, Haiqi & Ma, Xinning, 2023. "An overview of the recent development of the Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system in China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 269-279.
  53. Wu, Bisheng & Zhang, Guangqing & Zhang, Xi & Jeffrey, Robert G. & Kear, James & Zhao, Tongtiegang, 2017. "Semi-analytical model for a geothermal system considering the effect of areal flow between dipole wells on heat extraction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 290-305.
  54. Yuang Wang & Baozhu Li & Aibing Chen, 2024. "The Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis Mechanisms of the Zaozigou Geothermal Field," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-18, August.
  55. Ji, Jiayan & Song, Xianzhi & Li, Shuang & Xu, Fuqiang & Song, Guofeng & Shi, Yu & Yi, Junlin, 2023. "Study on the effect of fracture morphology on fracture deformation based on the thermal-hydraulic-chemical-deformation coupling model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
  56. Xia, Liangyu & Zhang, Yabo, 2019. "An overview of world geothermal power generation and a case study on China—The resource and market perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 411-423.
  57. Chenbo Liu & Gan Feng & Hongqiang Xie & Jilan Wang & Zhipan Duan & Ye Tao & Gongda Lu & Huining Xu & Yaoqing Hu & Chun Li & Yuefei Hu & Qiuhong Wu & Lu Chen, 2022. "Study on the Accuracy of Fracture Criteria in Predicting Fracture Characteristics of Granite with Different Occurrence Depths," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-17, December.
  58. Liu, Xi & Du, Huibin & Brown, Marilyn A. & Zuo, Jian & Zhang, Ning & Rong, Qian & Mao, Guozhu, 2018. "Low-carbon technology diffusion in the decarbonization of the power sector: Policy implications," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 344-356.
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  61. Liang, Xu & Xu, Tianfu & Feng, Bo & Jiang, Zhenjiao, 2018. "Optimization of heat extraction strategies in fault-controlled hydro-geothermal reservoirs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 853-870.
  62. Jiang, Sheng & Chen, Chen & Zhang, Shanling & Xu, Zhenhua & Liu, Xiang & Tu, Guigang & Zhao, Songying, 2025. "Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical coupling analysis of spiral wellbores in horizontal wells for heat extraction from hot dry rock: A case study of the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 319(C).
  63. Steffen Fahr & Julian Powell & Alice Favero & Anthony J. Giarrusso & Ryan P. Lively & Matthew J. Realff, 2022. "Assessing the physical potential capacity of direct air capture with integrated supply of low‐carbon energy sources," Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 12(1), pages 170-188, February.
  64. Ma, Zhihao & Cui, Shuang & Chen, Jianli, 2024. "Demand response through ventilation and latent load adjustment for commercial buildings in humid climate zones," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 373(C).
  65. Yibo Wang & Lijuan Wang & Yang Bai & Zhuting Wang & Jie Hu & Di Hu & Yaqi Wang & Shengbiao Hu, 2021. "Assessment of Geothermal Resources in the North Jiangsu Basin, East China, Using Monte Carlo Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-17, January.
  66. Olasolo, P. & Juárez, M.C. & Morales, M.P. & Olasolo, A. & Agius, M.R., 2018. "Analysis of working fluids applicable in Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Nitrous oxide as an alternative working fluid," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 150-161.
  67. Choudhary, Ram Bilash & Ansari, Sarfaraz & Majumder, Mandira, 2021. "Recent advances on redox active composites of metal-organic framework and conducting polymers as pseudocapacitor electrode material," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
  68. Ghaebi, Hadi & Yari, Mortaza & Gargari, Saeed Ghavami & Rostamzadeh, Hadi, 2019. "Thermodynamic modeling and optimization of a combined biogas steam reforming system and organic Rankine cycle for coproduction of power and hydrogen," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 87-102.
  69. Aghahosseini, Arman & Breyer, Christian, 2020. "From hot rock to useful energy: A global estimate of enhanced geothermal systems potential," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
  70. Zhou, Xiang & Yuan, Qingwang & Rui, Zhenhua & Wang, Hanyi & Feng, Jianwei & Zhang, Liehui & Zeng, Fanhua, 2019. "Feasibility study of CO2 huff 'n' puff process to enhance heavy oil recovery via long core experiments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 526-539.
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  72. Chen, Ruihua & Xu, Weicong & Deng, Shuai & Zhao, Ruikai & Choi, Siyoung Q. & Zhao, Li, 2023. "Towards the Carnot efficiency with a novel electrochemical heat engine based on the Carnot cycle: Thermodynamic considerations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
  73. Zhang, Hainan & Li, Yin & Ding, Tao & Shao, Shuangquan & Feng, Yanhui, 2025. "Cascade and effective utilization of medium and deep geothermal energy: A comprehensive review and application prospects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
  74. Yang, Yu & Li, Bo & Che, Lulu & Li, Tao & Li, Menghua & Liu, Pu & Zeng, Yifan & Long, Jie, 2023. "Study on the performance and mechanism of high thermal conductivity and low-density cementing composite for deep geothermal wells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
  75. Roshaan Mudasar & Wey H. Leong, 2025. "Performance Evaluation of a Combined Heat and Power Generation System with Borehole Thermal Energy Storage: A Feasibility Study of a Combined Heat Pump and Organic Rankine Cycle System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-30, February.
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  81. Miguel Angel Marazuela & Alejandro García-Gil, 2022. "Frontier Research of Engineering: Geothermal Energy Utilization and Groundwater Heat Pump Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-3, October.
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  85. Walmsley, Timothy Gordon & Philipp, Matthias & Picón-Núñez, Martín & Meschede, Henning & Taylor, Matthew Thomas & Schlosser, Florian & Atkins, Martin John, 2023. "Hybrid renewable energy utility systems for industrial sites: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
  86. Liang Cheng & Zhaolong Ge & Binwei Xia & Qian Li & Jiren Tang & Yugang Cheng & Shaojie Zuo, 2018. "Research on Hydraulic Technology for Seam Permeability Enhancement in Underground Coal Mines in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-19, February.
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  89. Yang, Bo & Swe, Thidar & Chen, Yixuan & Zeng, Chunyuan & Shu, Hongchun & Li, Xin & Yu, Tao & Zhang, Xiaoshun & Sun, Liming, 2021. "Energy cooperation between Myanmar and China under One Belt One Road: Current state, challenges and perspectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(PB).
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