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Antitrust Holdup Source, Cross-National Institutional Variation, and Corporate Political Strategy Implications for Domestic Mergers in a Global Context

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  • Joseph A. Clougherty

Abstract

Managers are increasingly uncertain over the source (home-nation or foreign-nation) of antitrust holdup for domestic mergers with significant international implications. I propose a conceptual framework that predicts the source of antitrust holdup for domestic mergers. Under idealized institutional assumptions, I find an industry's global competitiveness to be the primary driver behind holdup source: a contention supported by empirical tests based on the merger policies of 27 antitrust jurisdictions over the 1992-2000 period. I also relax the idealized institutional conditions to yield more precise propositions tailored to the cross-national environment for antitrust policy. Finally, I generate prescriptive propositions that yield implications for effective political strategies. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - ("Ein institutioneller Ländervergleich von 'hold-up' durch Wettbewerbs-behörden in Fusionsverfahren und deren Implikationen für die Fusions-strategien von globalen Unternehmen") Bei großen Fusionen, die für den internationalen Markt Bedeutung haben, stehen Manager zunehmend vor der Unsicherheit, im Vorfeld nicht erkennen zu können, ob die kartellrechtlichen Überprüfungen der Fusion eher im Heimatland oder im Ausland zu einem aus Unternehmenssicht negativen Ergebnis führen, also die Fusion abgelehnt oder nur unter restriktiven Auflagen genehmigt wird ('hold-up'). Hier wird ein konzeptioneller Ansatz entwickelt, mit dem sich vorhersagen lässt, welche der kartellrechtlichen Prüfungen zu dem restriktivsten Ergebnis führt. Unter idealisierten Annahmen über die institutionelle Ausgestaltung der nationalen Kartellbehörden lässt sich die theoretische Hypothese aufstellen, dass vor allem die weltweite Wettbewerbsfähigkeit einer Branche eine Rolle bei der Zuordnung des hold-up-Problems spielt, was auch empirisch durch die Entscheidungen von 27 Kartellinstitutionen im Zeitraum von 1992-2000 bestätigt wird. Die idealisierten institutionellen Bedingungen in den verschiedenen Ländern werden daraufhin aufgegeben, um exaktere und auf die tatsächlichen kartellrechtlichen Umgebungen in den einzelnen Ländern abgestimmte Empfehlungen formulieren zu können. Für die Unternehmen werden schließlich Empfehlungen für effektive politische Fusionsstrategien entwickelt.

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  • Joseph A. Clougherty, 2004. "Antitrust Holdup Source, Cross-National Institutional Variation, and Corporate Political Strategy Implications for Domestic Mergers in a Global Context," CIG Working Papers SP II 2004-09, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin (WZB), Research Unit: Competition and Innovation (CIG).
  • Handle: RePEc:wzb:wzebiv:spii2004-09
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    Cited by:

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    2. Mariotti, Sergio & Marzano, Riccardo, 2021. "The effects of competition policy, regulatory quality and trust on inward FDI in host countries," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(6).
    3. Joseph A. Clougherty & Nan Zhang, 0. "Foreign investor reactions to risk and uncertainty in antitrust: U.S. merger policy investigations and the deterrence of foreign acquirer presence," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 0, pages 1-25.
    4. Christian Fisch & Jörn Block & Philipp Sandner, 2019. "The impact of acquisitions on Chinese acquirers’ innovation performance: an empirical investigation of 1545 Chinese acquisitions," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 89(2), pages 125-153, March.
    5. Clougherty, Joseph A. & Duso, Tomaso & Lee, Miyu & Seldeslachts, Jo, 2016. "Effective European Antitrust : Does EC Merger Policy Generate Deterrence?," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 54(4), pages 1884-1903.
    6. Rikard Forslid & Jonas Häckner & Astri Muren, 2011. "Trade costs and the timing of competition policy adoption," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 44(1), pages 171-200, February.
    7. Joseph A. Clougherty, 2005. "Industry Trade Balance And Domestic Merger Policy: Empirical Evidence From U.S. Merger Policy For Manufacturing Sectors," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 23(3), pages 404-415, July.
    8. Yidi Guo & Quy Nguyen Huy & Zhixing Xiao, 2017. "How middle managers manage the political environment to achieve market goals: Insights from China's state‐owned enterprises," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(3), pages 676-696, March.
    9. Barros, Pedro P. & Clougherty, Joseph A. & Seldeslachts, Jo, 2013. "Europeanization of EU member-state competition policy: The commission's leadership role," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 41-51.
    10. Jo Seldeslachts & Joseph A. Clougherty & Pedro Pita Barros, 2009. "Settle for Now but Block for Tomorrow: The Deterrence Effects of Merger Policy Tools," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 52(3), pages 607-634, August.
    11. Joseph A. Clougherty & Nan Zhang, 2021. "Foreign investor reactions to risk and uncertainty in antitrust: U.S. merger policy investigations and the deterrence of foreign acquirer presence," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 52(3), pages 454-478, April.
    12. John K. Ashton & Andrew D. Pressey, 2012. "Who Manages Cartels? The Role of Sales and Marketing Managers within International Cartels: Evidence from the European Union 1990-2009," Working Paper series, University of East Anglia, Centre for Competition Policy (CCP) 2012-11, Centre for Competition Policy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK..
    13. John K. Ashton & Andrew D. Pressey, 2009. "The Regulatory Challenge to Branding: An Interpretation of UK Competition Authority Investigations 1950-2007," Working Paper series, University of East Anglia, Centre for Competition Policy (CCP) 2009-02, Centre for Competition Policy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK..
    14. Tian, Xiaowen & Slocum, John W., 2015. "The decline of global market leaders," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 15-25.
    15. Sergio Mariotti, 2023. "Competition policy in the new wave of global protectionism. Prospects for preserving a fdi-friendly institutional environment," Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, Springer;Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale, vol. 50(2), pages 227-241, June.
    16. Fuad, Mohammad & Gaur, Ajai S., 2019. "Merger waves, entry-timing, and cross-border acquisition completion: A frictional lens perspective," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 54(2), pages 107-118.
    17. Joseph A. Clougherty & Tomaso Duso, 2009. "The Impact of Horizontal Mergers on Rivals: Gains to Being Left Outside a Merger," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(8), pages 1365-1395, December.
    18. Olivier Bertrand & Marie-Ann Betschinger & Alexander Settles, 2016. "The relevance of political affinity for the initial acquisition premium in cross-border acquisitions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 37(10), pages 2071-2091, October.
    19. Julie Bower & Howard Cox, 2013. "Merger regulation, firms, and the co-evolutionary process: An empirical study of internationalisation in the UK alcoholic beverages industry 1985-2005," Working Papers 48, Queen Mary, University of London, School of Business and Management, Centre for Globalisation Research.
    20. Clougherty, Joseph A. & Zhang, Nan, 2023. "Antitrust policy and inward FDI: The impact of policy risk and uncertainty on U.S. inward-FDI flows," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(4).
    21. Adam R. Fremeth & Guy L. F. Holburn & Richard G. Vanden Bergh, 2016. "Corporate Political Strategy in Contested Regulatory Environments," Strategy Science, INFORMS, vol. 1(4), pages 272-284, December.
    22. Adra, Samer & Hamadi, Malika & Yuan, Jiayi, 2023. "Top-tier advisors and the market feedback dynamics in cross-border M&As," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    23. Rodolphe Durand & Robert M. Grant & Tammy L. Madsen & Sinziana Dorobantu & Aseem Kaul & Bennet Zelner, 2017. "Nonmarket strategy research through the lens of new institutional economics: An integrative review and future directions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(1), pages 114-140, January.
    24. Jing Zhou & Yunwen Jiang & On Kit Tam & Wei Lan & Silin Ye, 2021. "Success in completing cross‐border acquisitions by emerging market firms: What matters?," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(7), pages 2128-2163, July.

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    Keywords

    Corporate Political Strategy; Non-Market Strategy; Merger Reviews; Antitrust Policy;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • L40 - Industrial Organization - - Antitrust Issues and Policies - - - General
    • M20 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Economics - - - General
    • F14 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Empirical Studies of Trade

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