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Green Havens and Pollution Havens

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  • Steven Poelhekke
  • Frederick van der Ploeg

Abstract

We test for pollution haven effects in outward foreign direct investment (FDI) for different sectors using a comprehensive and exhaustive dataset for outward FDI from the Netherlands, one of the most environmentally stringent countries and a major source of global FDI. Our evidence suggests that in the sectors natural resources extraction and refining, construction, retail, food processing, beverages and tobacco, and utilities, a less stringent environmental policy in the host country significantly attracts FDI. What is important for these pollution haven effects is not only regulation but also enforcement of environmental policy. In contrast to earlier results, it is not only footloose industries that display pollution haven effects, but also the traditional pollution-intensive industries. But for the sectors machines, electronics and automotive and transportation and communication a more stringent and better enforced environmental policy attracts more FDI as this may help their reputation for sustainable management and CSR. These sectors display green haven effects. These findings have important implications for the sector distribution of FDI in destination countries.

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Paper provided by Oxford Centre for the Analysis of Resource Rich Economies, University of Oxford in its series OxCarre Working Papers with number 087.

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Date of creation: 2012
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Handle: RePEc:oxf:oxcrwp:087
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Keywords: pollution haven; green haven; FDI; environmental policy; regulation; enforcement; strategic effects; footloose industries; CSR;

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Find related papers by JEL classification:
  • F18 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade and Environment
  • F23 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business - - - Multinational Firms; International Business
  • F13 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
  • Q50 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - General

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  19. Eskeland, Gunnar S. & Harrison, Ann E., 2003. "Moving to greener pastures? Multinationals and the pollution haven hypothesis," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 1-23, February.
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