Taxation of a Non-renewable Resource and Inequality in an R&D-based Growth Model
Author
Abstract
Suggested Citation
Download full text from publisher
References listed on IDEAS
- Takeo Hori & Hiroaki Yamagami, 2018.
"Intellectual property rights protection in the presence of exhaustible resources,"
Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 20(4), pages 759-784, October.
- Hori, Takeo & Yamagami, Hiroaki, 2014. "Intellectual property rights protection in the presence of exhaustible resources," MPRA Paper 58064, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Mathur, Aparna & Morris, Adele C., 2014. "Distributional effects of a carbon tax in broader U.S. fiscal reform," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 326-334.
- Jordi Galí & Mark Gertler & J. David López-Salido, 2007.
"Markups, Gaps, and the Welfare Costs of Business Fluctuations,"
The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 89(1), pages 44-59, November.
- Jordi Galí & Mark Gertler & J. David López-Salido, 2002. "Markups, gaps, and the welfare costs of business fluctuations," Working Papers 0204, Banco de España.
- Jordi Galí & Mark Gertler & J. David López-Salido, 2003. "Markups, Gaps, and the Welfare Costs of Business Fluctuations," Working Papers 45, Barcelona School of Economics.
- Gertler, Mark & GalÃ, Jordi & López-Salido, J David, 2002. "Markups, Gaps and the Welfare Costs of Business Fluctuations," CEPR Discussion Papers 3212, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Jordi Gali & Mark Gertler & J. David Lopez-Salido, 2002. "Markups, Gaps, and the Welfare Costs of Business Fluctuations," NBER Working Papers 8850, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Gertler, Mark & GalÃ, Jordi & López-Salido, J David, 2003. "Mark-ups, Gaps and the Welfare Costs of Business Fluctuations," CEPR Discussion Papers 4134, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Jordi Galí & Mark Gertler & J. David López-Salido, 2005. "Markups, gaps and the welfare costs of business fluctuations," Economics Working Papers 836, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
- Guvenen, Fatih, 2006.
"Reconciling conflicting evidence on the elasticity of intertemporal substitution: A macroeconomic perspective,"
Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(7), pages 1451-1472, October.
- M. Fatih Guvenen, 2002. "Reconciling Conflicting Evidence on the Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution: A Macroeconomic Perspective," RCER Working Papers 491, University of Rochester - Center for Economic Research (RCER), revised Mar 2003.
- Fatih Guvenen, 2005. "Reconciling Conflicting Evidence on the Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution: A Macroeconomic Perspective," Macroeconomics 0507005, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Grimaud, André & Rouge, Luc, 2014.
"Carbon sequestration, economic policies and growth,"
Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 307-331.
- Grimaud, André & Rougé, Luc, 2012. "Carbon Sequestration, Economic Policies and Growth," TSE Working Papers 12-349, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), revised Aug 2013.
- Grimaud, André & Rougé, Luc, 2012. "Carbon Sequestration, Economic Policies and Growth," IDEI Working Papers 751, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse, revised Aug 2013.
- Morimoto, Takaaki & Tabata, Ken, 2020.
"Higher Education Subsidy Policy And R&D-Based Growth,"
Macroeconomic Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 24(8), pages 2129-2168, December.
- Takaaki Morimoto & Ken Tabata, 2018. "Higher Education Subsidy Policy and R&D-based Growth," Discussion Paper Series 178, School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University, revised Feb 2018.
- Takaaki Morimoto & Ken Tabata, 2018. "Higher Education Subsidy Policy and R&D-based Growth," Discussion Paper Series 178-2, School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University, revised Feb 2019.
- Parantap Basu & Yoseph Getachew, 2020.
"Redistributive innovation policy, inequality, and efficiency,"
Journal of Public Economic Theory, Association for Public Economic Theory, vol. 22(3), pages 532-554, June.
- Parantap Basu & Yoseph Getachew, 2017. "Redistributive Innovation Policy, Inequality and Efficiency," CEMAP Working Papers 2017_02, Durham University Business School.
- Parantap Basu & Yoseph Getachew, 2017. "Redistributive Innovation Policy, Inequality and Efficiency," Working Papers 201768, University of Pretoria, Department of Economics.
- Grimaud, Andre & Rouge, Luc, 2005.
"Polluting non-renewable resources, innovation and growth: welfare and environmental policy,"
Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 109-129, June.
- Grimaud, André & Rougé, Luc, 2003. "Polluting Non-Renewable Resources, Innovation and Growth : Welfare and Environmental Policy," IDEI Working Papers 206, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
- André Grimaud & Luc Rouge, 2005. "Polluting non-renewable resources, innovation and growth: welfare and environmental policy," Post-Print hal-02675522, HAL.
- Julien Daubanes & André Grimaud, 2010.
"Taxation of a Polluting Non-renewable Resource in the Heterogeneous World,"
Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 47(4), pages 567-588, December.
- Grimaud, André, 2009. "Taxation of a Polluting Non-Renewable Resource in the Heterogeneous World," IDEI Working Papers 541, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
- Julien Daubanes & André Grimaud, 2010. "Taxation of a polluting non-renewable resource in the heterogeneous world," Post-Print hal-02668161, HAL.
- Angus Chu & Guido Cozzi, 2018.
"Effects of Patents versus R&D subsidies on Income Inequality,"
Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 29, pages 68-84, July.
- Chu, Angus C. & Cozzi, Guido, 2016. "Patents vs R&D Subsidies on Income Inequality," MPRA Paper 73482, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Angus Chu & Guido Cozzi, 2017. "Code and data files for "Effects of Patents versus R&D subsidies on Income Inequality"," Computer Codes 17-1709, Review of Economic Dynamics.
- Angus C. Chu, 2010.
"Effects of Patent Policy on Income and Consumption Inequality in a R&D Growth Model,"
Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 77(2), pages 336-350, October.
- Chu, Angus C., 2008. "Effects of Patent Policy on Income and Consumption Inequality in an R&D-Growth Model," MPRA Paper 10168, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Metcalf, Gilbert E., 1999. "A Distributional Analysis of Green Tax Reforms," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 52(4), pages 655-682, December.
- Chu, Angus C. & Peretto, Pietro F., 2023.
"Innovation and inequality from stagnation to growth,"
European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
- Chu, Angus C. & Peretto, Pietro, 2019. "Innovation and Inequality from Stagnation to Growth," MPRA Paper 96073, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Angus C. Chu & Pietro Peretto, 2019. "Innovation and Inequality from Stagnation to Growth," Working Papers 201910, University of Liverpool, Department of Economics.
- Richard Blundell & Luigi Pistaferri & Itay Saporta-Eksten, 2016.
"Consumption Inequality and Family Labor Supply,"
American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 106(2), pages 387-435, February.
- Blundell, Richard & Pistaferri, Luigi & Saporta-Eksten, Itay, 2012. "Consumption Inequality and Family Labor Supply," CEPR Discussion Papers 9172, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Pistaferri, Luigi & Blundell, Richard & Saporta-Eksten, Itay, 2014. "Consumption inequality and family labor supply," Working Paper Series 1656, European Central Bank.
- Blundell, Richard & Pistaferri, Luigi & Saporta-Eksten, Itay, 2012. "Consumption Inequality and Family Labor Supply," IZA Discussion Papers 6900, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
- Richard Blundell & Luigi Pistaferri & Itay Saporta-Eksten, 2012. "Consumption Inequality and Family Labor Supply," NBER Working Papers 18445, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Luigi Pistaferri & Itay Saporta-Eksten & Richard Blundell, 2014. "Consumption inequality and family labor supply," 2014 Meeting Papers 322, Society for Economic Dynamics.
- Sterner, Thomas, 2012. "Distributional effects of taxing transport fuel," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 75-83.
- Karen Pittel & Lucas Bretschger, 2010.
"The implications of heterogeneous resource intensities on technical change and growth,"
Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 43(4), pages 1173-1197, November.
- Karen Pittel & Lucas Bretschger, 2010. "The implications of heterogeneous resource intensities on technical change and growth," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 43(4), pages 1173-1197, November.
- Karen Pittel & Lucas Bretschger, 2009. "The Implications of Heterogeneous Resource Intensities on Technical Change and Growth," CER-ETH Economics working paper series 09/120, CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH) at ETH Zurich.
- Karen Pittel & Lucas Bretschger, 2010. "The Implications of Heterogeneous Resource Intesities on Technical Change and Growth," OxCarre Working Papers 039, Oxford Centre for the Analysis of Resource Rich Economies, University of Oxford.
- André Grimaud & Luc Rouge, 2008.
"Environment, Directed Technical Change and Economic Policy,"
Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 41(4), pages 439-463, December.
- Grimaud, André & Rougé, Luc, 2007. "Environment, Directed Technical Change and Economic Policy," IDEI Working Papers 384, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
- André Grimaud & Luc Rouge, 2008. "Environment, directed technical change and economic policy," Post-Print hal-02665298, HAL.
- Dirk Krueger & Fabrizio Perri, 2006. "Does Income Inequality Lead to Consumption Inequality? Evidence and Theory -super-1," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 73(1), pages 163-193.
- Wier, Mette & Birr-Pedersen, Katja & Jacobsen, Henrik Klinge & Klok, Jacob, 2005. "Are CO2 taxes regressive? Evidence from the Danish experience," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 239-251, January.
- Groth, Christian & Schou, Poul, 2007. "Growth and non-renewable resources: The different roles of capital and resource taxes," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 80-98, January.
- Metcalf, Gilbert E., 1999. "A Distributional Analysis of Green Tax Reforms," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 52(n. 4), pages 655-82, December.
- Withagen, Cees, 1994. "Pollution and exhaustibility of fossil fuels," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 235-242, August.
- Angus C. Chu, 2010.
"Effects of Patent Policy on Income and Consumption Inequality in a R&D Growth Model,"
Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 77(2), pages 336-350, October.
- Chu, Angus C., 2008. "Effects of Patent Policy on Income and Consumption Inequality in an R&D-Growth Model," MPRA Paper 10168, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Luca Spinesi, 2022. "The Environmental Tax: Effects on Inequality and Growth," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 82(3), pages 529-572, July.
- Orazio P. Attanasio & Luigi Pistaferri, 2016. "Consumption Inequality," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 30(2), pages 3-28, Spring.
Most related items
These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.- Aubert, Diane & Chiroleu-Assouline, Mireille, 2019.
"Environmental tax reform and income distribution with imperfect heterogeneous labour markets,"
European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 60-82.
- Diane Aubert & Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2017. "Environmental Tax Reform and Income Distribution with Imperfect Heterogeneous Labor Markets," Working Papers halshs-01550000, HAL.
- Diane Aubert & Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2017. "Environmental Tax Reform and Income Distribution with Imperfect Heterogeneous Labour Markets," CESifo Working Paper Series 6498, CESifo.
- Diane Aubert & Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2019. "Environmental Tax Reform and Income Distribution with Imperfect Heterogeneous Labour Markets," Post-Print halshs-02095150, HAL.
- Diane Aubert & Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2017. "Environmental Tax Reform and Income Distribution with Imperfect Heterogeneous Labor Markets," PSE Working Papers halshs-01550000, HAL.
- Diane Aubert & Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2019. "Environmental Tax Reform and Income Distribution with Imperfect Heterogeneous Labour Markets," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-02095150, HAL.
- Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2022.
"Rendre acceptable la nécessaire taxation du carbone. Quelles pistes pour la France ?,"
Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(1), pages 15-53.
- Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2022. "Rendre acceptable la nécessaire taxation du carbone - Quelles pistes pour la France ?," PSE-Ecole d'économie de Paris (Postprint) halshs-03757114, HAL.
- Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2022. "Rendre acceptable la nécessaire taxation du carbone - Quelles pistes pour la France ?," Post-Print halshs-03757114, HAL.
- Lucas Bretschger & Christos Karydas, 2018.
"Optimum Growth and Carbon Policies with Lags in the Climate System,"
Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 70(4), pages 781-806, August.
- Lucas Bretschger & Christos Karydas, 2014. "Optimum Growth and Carbon Policies with Lags in the Cllimate System," OxCarre Working Papers 144, Oxford Centre for the Analysis of Resource Rich Economies, University of Oxford.
- Lucas Bretschger & Christos Karydas, 2017. "Optimum Growth and Carbon Policies with Lags in the Climate System," CER-ETH Economics working paper series 13/184, CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH) at ETH Zurich.
- Jiang, Zhujun & Shao, Shuai, 2014. "Distributional effects of a carbon tax on Chinese households: A case of Shanghai," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 269-277.
- Fouquet, Roger & O'Garra, Tanya, 2022.
"In pursuit of progressive and effective climate policies: Comparing an air travel carbon tax and a frequent flyer levy,"
Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
- Fouquet, Roger & O’Garra, Tanya, 2022. "In pursuit of progressive and effective climate policies: comparing an air travel carbon tax and a frequent flyer levy," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 116689, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
- Julie Anne Cronin & Don Fullerton & Steven Sexton, 2019.
"Vertical and Horizontal Redistributions from a Carbon Tax and Rebate,"
Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, University of Chicago Press, vol. 6(S1), pages 169-208.
- Julie Anne Cronin & Don Fullerton & Steven Sexton, 2016. "Vertical and Horizontal Redistributions from a Carbon Tax and Rebate," NBER Chapters, in: Energy Policy Tradeoffs between Economic Efficiency and Distributional Equity, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Julie-Anne Cronin & Don Fullerton & Steven Sexton, 2017. "Vertical and Horizontal Redistributions from a Carbon Tax and Rebate," CESifo Working Paper Series 6373, CESifo.
- Julie Anne Cronin & Don Fullerton & Steven E. Sexton, 2017. "Vertical and Horizontal Redistributions from a Carbon Tax and Rebate," NBER Working Papers 23250, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Nils Ohlendorf & Michael Jakob & Jan Christoph Minx & Carsten Schröder & Jan Christoph Steckel, 2021.
"Distributional Impacts of Carbon Pricing: A Meta-Analysis,"
Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 78(1), pages 1-42, January.
- Ohlendorf, Nils & Jacob, Michael & Minx, Jan Christoph & Schröder, Carsten & Steckel, Jan Christoph, 2020. "Distributional Impacts of Carbon Pricing: A Meta-Analysis," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 78(1), pages 1-42.
- Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2015.
"Can environmental taxation in France really become ecological? Current situation and conditions of acceptability,"
PSE Working Papers
halshs-04198162, HAL.
- Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2015. "Can environmental taxation in France really become ecological? Current situation and conditions of acceptability," Post-Print halshs-04198162, HAL.
- Grimaud, André & Magné, Bertrand & Rougé, Luc, 2009.
"Polluting Non-Renewable Resources, Carbon Abatement and Climate Policy in a Romer Growth Model,"
TSE Working Papers
09-023, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
- Grimaud, André & Magné, Bertrand & Rougé, Luc, 2009. "Polluting Non-Renewable Resources, Carbon Abatement and Climate Policy in a Romer Growth Model," IDEI Working Papers 548, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
- Dorband, Ira Irina & Jakob, Michael & Kalkuhl, Matthias & Steckel, Jan Christoph, 2019. "Poverty and distributional effects of carbon pricing in low- and middle-income countries – A global comparative analysis," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 246-257.
- Claudio Campanale, 2020. "Consumption insurance and education: A puzzle?," Working papers 069, Department of Economics, Social Studies, Applied Mathematics and Statistics (Dipartimento di Scienze Economico-Sociali e Matematico-Statistiche), University of Torino.
- Julien Daubanes & Ruxanda Berlinschi, 2009.
"Prendre d'une main et donner de l'autre : taxation des produits pétroliers et aide internationale,"
Economie & Prévision, La Documentation Française, vol. 0(4), pages 21-37.
- Julien Daubanes & Ruxanda Berlinschi, 2009. "Prendre d’une main et donner de l’autre : taxation des produits pétroliers et aide internationale," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 190(4), pages 21-37.
- Nils Ohlendorf & Michael Jakob & Jan Christoph Minx & Carsten Schröder & Jan Christoph Steckel, 2018. "Distributional Impacts of Climate Mitigation Policies - a Meta-Analysis," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1776, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Chu, Angus C. & Liao, Chih-Hsing & Peretto, Pietro, 2024. "Dynamic effects of taxation in an unequal Schumpeterian economy," MPRA Paper 122219, University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Julien Daubanes & André Grimaud, 2010.
"Taxation of a Polluting Non-renewable Resource in the Heterogeneous World,"
Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 47(4), pages 567-588, December.
- Grimaud, André, 2009. "Taxation of a Polluting Non-Renewable Resource in the Heterogeneous World," IDEI Working Papers 541, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
- Julien Daubanes & André Grimaud, 2010. "Taxation of a polluting non-renewable resource in the heterogeneous world," Post-Print hal-02668161, HAL.
- Wang, Qian & Hubacek, Klaus & Feng, Kuishuang & Guo, Lin & Zhang, Kun & Xue, Jinjun & Liang, Qiao-Mei, 2019. "Distributional impact of carbon pricing in Chinese provinces," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 327-340.
- Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline, 2015. "La fiscalité environnementale en France peut-elle devenir réellement écologique ?. État des lieux et conditions d’acceptabilité," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(3), pages 129-165.
- André Grimaud & Luc Rouge, 2009.
"Séquestration du carbone et politique climatique optimale,"
Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 190(4), pages 53-69.
- André Grimaud & Luc Rouge, 2009. "Séquestration du carbone et politique climatique optimale," Economie & Prévision, La Documentation Française, vol. 0(4), pages 53-69.
- Grimaud, André & Rougé, Luc, 2008. "Séquestration du carbone et politique climatique optimale," IDEI Working Papers 540, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
- André Grimaud & Luc Rouge, 2009. "Séquestration du carbone et politique climatique optimale," Post-Print hal-02662076, HAL.
- Rosas-Flores, Jorge Alberto & Bakhat, Mohcine & Rosas-Flores, Dionicio & Fernández Zayas, José Luis, 2017. "Distributional effects of subsidy removal and implementation of carbon taxes in Mexican households," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 21-28.
- Lichner, Ivan & Lyócsa, Štefan & Výrostová, Eva, 2022. "Nominal and discretionary household income convergence: The effect of a crisis in a small open economy," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 18-31.
More about this item
Keywords
Non-renewable resources; Endogenous growth; Consumption inequality; R&D;All these keywords.
JEL classification:
- E62 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Fiscal Policy; Modern Monetary Theory
- H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
- O30 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - General
- Q32 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation - - - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
- Q38 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation - - - Government Policy (includes OPEC Policy)
NEP fields
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:- NEP-ENE-2024-06-10 (Energy Economics)
- NEP-ENV-2024-06-10 (Environmental Economics)
- NEP-GRO-2024-06-10 (Economic Growth)
- NEP-MAC-2024-06-10 (Macroeconomics)
- NEP-PBE-2024-06-10 (Public Economics)
Statistics
Access and download statisticsCorrections
All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kgu:wpaper:272. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.
If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .
If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Toshihiro Okada (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/dekgujp.html .
Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.