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Are capital intensive firms the biggest exporters?

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  • Forslid, Rikard
  • Okubo, Toshihiro

Abstract

This paper starts out from the observation that the export shares of firms (export to sales ratio) vary greatly among firms, and tend to be systematically related to the firms' capital labour ratios. This observation cannot be explained by the standard heterogeneous firms and trade model by Melitz (2003), which predicts that all exporting firms have identical export shares. In our model, we relate the difference in export shares to firm level differences in transport costs. Two factors influence a firm's transport cost in our model. First, firm scale can affect transportation costs, making freight rates lower for large firms. Second, we allow for an association between the capital intensity of a firm and its transportation costs. In accordance with data, we assume this relationship to be sector specific. This implies that our model can generate the result that more productive and capital intensive firms have higher export shares due to scale economies in transportation, but the model can also generate the opposite pattern that more capital intensive firms have lower export shares due to a strong positive association between capital labour ratio and transportation costs. We use Japanese manufacturing firm level data to calibrate our model by matching firm level export shares to data sector by sector. Regressing the calibrated transportation costs on actual data then shows that the calibrated (calculated) numbers can explain about half of the variation in the data.

Suggested Citation

  • Forslid, Rikard & Okubo, Toshihiro, 2011. "Are capital intensive firms the biggest exporters?," CEPR Discussion Papers 8345, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:8345
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    1. Andrew B. Bernard & J. Bradford Jensen & Peter K. Schott, 2003. "Falling Trade Costs, Heterogeneous Firms, and Industry Dynamics," Working Paper Series WP03-4, Peterson Institute for International Economics.
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    6. David Hummels & Alexandre Skiba, 2004. "Shipping the Good Apples Out? An Empirical Confirmation of the Alchian-Allen Conjecture," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 112(6), pages 1384-1402, December.
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    10. Limao, Nuno & Venables, Anthony J., 1999. "Infrastructure, geographical disadvantage, and transport costs," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2257, The World Bank.
    11. Marc J. Melitz, 2003. "The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 71(6), pages 1695-1725, November.
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    14. WAKASUGI Ryuhei & TODO Yasuyuki & SATO Hitoshi & NISHIOKA Shuichiro & MATSUURA Toshiyuki & ITO Banri & TANAKA Ayumu, 2008. "The Internationalization of Japanese Firms: New Findings Based on Firm-Level Data," Discussion papers 08036, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Luis Castro & Ben G. Li & Keith E. Maskus & Yiqing Xie, 2016. "Fixed Export Costs and Export Behavior," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 83(1), pages 300-320, July.
    2. Ogawa, Kazuo & Saito, Mika & Tokutsu, Ichiro, 2017. "Did divine wind rescue Japan out of the lost decade?," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 39-51.
    3. Mr. Ichiro Tokutsu & Mr. Kazuo Ogawa & Mika Saito, 2012. "Japan out of the Lost Decade: Divine Wind or Firms’ Effort?," IMF Working Papers 2012/171, International Monetary Fund.
    4. Bouët, Antoine & Vaubourg, Anne-Gaël, 2016. "Financial constraints and international trade with endogenous mode of competition," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 179-194.
    5. Volpe Martincus, Christian & Blyde, Juan, 2013. "Shaky roads and trembling exports: Assessing the trade effects of domestic infrastructure using a natural experiment," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(1), pages 148-161.
    6. Clément Nedoncelle & Julien Wolfersberger, 2022. "Temperatures, Firm Size and Exports in Developing Countries [Températures, taille des entreprises et exportations dans les pays en développement]," Working Papers hal-03753384, HAL.
    7. Xuan Wei & Suzanne Thornsbury & David Schweikhardt, 2017. "Hurdles to Exporting: A Decomposition of Fixed Export Costs," Review of Economics & Finance, Better Advances Press, Canada, vol. 7, pages 1-18, February.
    8. OGAWA Kazuo & TOKUTSU Ichiro, 2015. "Hysteresis in Japanese Export Market: A Dynamic Random-Effect Probit Approach to Panel Data of Japanese Machinery-manufacturing Firms," Discussion papers 15031, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Calibration; Capital labour ratio; Export shares; Heterogeneous firms;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F12 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation
    • F15 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Economic Integration

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